1 — rin-nirwiw 


UNIVLR.51TY 
Of  ILLINOIS 

&Q4- 
A p on 


BIOLOGIC 


Qi^aul  & 

Nat.  History  Museum 


Return  this  book  on  or  before  the 
Latest  Date  stamped  below. 


MOLLUSKS 


ATLANTIC  COAST 


UNITED  STATES, 


CAPE  HATTERAS, 


ilUSTIlT  O-  APGAB, 

PROFESSOR  OF  ZOOLOGY  IN  THE  NEW  JERSEY  STATE  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 


Printed  for  the  Author  by 
LUCAS  & CO.,  Trenton,  N.  J. 


-tj®  ol  oov  hJ  kyf  i 


JOURNAL 

OF  THE 

New  Jersey  Naturae  History  Society. 


Vol.  II.  JANUARY,  1891.  No.  2. 


MOLLUSKS  OF  THE  ATLANTIC  COAST  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES  SOUTH  TO  CAPE  HATTERAS. 

AUSTIN  C.  APGAR. 

In  the  following  Key  and  descriptions  of  Mollusks,  the  object 
in  view  has  been  to  enable  students  to  become  familiar  with 
molluscan  forms  in  the  same  way  that  men  learn  to  know  the 
plants  and  vertebrates  of  the  land;  by  such  agencies  as  the  Keys 
of  Gray’s,  and  Wood’s  Botanies,  and  Jordan’s,  and  Coues’  works 
on  Vertebrates.  The  most  artmciiii  Keys  are  the  most  successful 
with  beginners.  In  this  Key,  accordingly,  no  great  attempt  has 
been  made  to  follow  any  advanced  classification  by  referring  to 
the  anatomical  parts  upon  which  such  a classification  is  based. 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


Any  determination  by  a Key  necessarily  forces  the  student  to 
make  a deeper  investigation  of  parts  than  does  any  other 
method.  As  a general  thing,  too,  such  investigation  is  made  by 
the  student  while  the  animal  is  still  living,  arid  the  mere  fact  of 
its  being  alive  adds  greater  zest  and  interest  to  his  work.  As  far 
as  I know  all  works  yet  published  upon  the  shells  of  the  region 
depend  almost  if  not  entirely  upon  engravings  of  all  the  species 
for  their  determination;  and  those  acquainted  with  shells  have  be- 
come so  either  by  means  of  these  engravings,  by  seeing  the  shells 
in  collections,  or  by  pestering  and  questioning  those  who  know 
more  than  they  do.  This  tends  to  make  students  mere  shell 
collectors,  who  are  entirely  satisfied  if  only  they  can  call  their 
specimens  by  name. 

In  writing  this  paper,  my  hope  has  been  to  interest  our  shore 
dwellers  and  shore  visitors  in  the  habits  and  life  history  of  our 
shell  fish.  The  only  originality  claimed  for  the  work  is  the  Key- 
The  classification,  except  of  the  Sea  Slugs  and  Squids,  is  that  of 
Wm.  H.  Dali,  A.  M.,  Curator  Department  of  Mollusks,  U.  S. 
National  Museum,  in  Bulletin  No.  37.  The  descriptions  were 
taken  and  adapted  from  all  the  sources  at  my  command. 

Deep  sea  and  pelagic  forms  are  excluded,  except  those  whose 
shells  are  occasionally  thrown  upon  the  beach  after  storms. 

This  is  only  a preliminary  manual  and  of  necessity  must  con- 
tain numerous  errors  that  will  be  gladly  corrected  by  the  author 
if  brought  to  his  attention. 

All  the  measurements  given  in  the  Keys  and  the  descriptions 
are  in  millimeters  (25  to  an  inch).  At  the  end  of  the  descrip- 
tions L.  stands  for  length,  H.  for  height,  W.  for  width,  D.  for 
diameter,  An.  for  angle,  Ap.  for  aperture  and  U.  for  umbo.  The 
fraction  after  Ap.  gives  the  relative  length  of  the  aperture. 
Thus  Ap.  J indicates  that  the  aperture  is  one  third  the  length 
of  the  shell.  The  fraction  after  U.  states  the  position  of  the 
umbo.  Thus  U.  \ indicates  that  the  distance  of  the  umbo  from 
the  anterior  end  is  one-fourth  the  whole  length  of  the  shell.  The 
application  of  these  terms  to  bivalve  shells  is  shown  on  Plate  II., 
to  univalve  shells  on  Plate  III.  Plate  IV.  contains  a protractor 
and  millimeter  measurements  in  a convenient  form  for  use  with 
shells.  Apply  the  shell  directly  to  the  plate  and  the  length, 
width,  position  of  umbo,  angle  of  spire,  etc.,  can  be  seen. 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


77 


MOLLUSKS  OF  THE  ATLANTIC  COAST  SOUTH  TO 
CAPE  HATTERAS. 

I.  Class  Pelecypoda.  (Bivalves,  Lamellibranchiata.)  Mollusks  with  a 
bivalve  shell.  The  two  parts  of  the  shell  are  somewhat  similar  in  size,  shape 
and  material,  and  are  usually  joined  together  by  a hinge.  See  Plate  II.  and 
Key  below. 

II.  Class  Gastropoda.  (Univalves.)  Mollusks  having  either  a broad, 
creeping  disk  called  a foot  on  which  it  crawls,  or  two  wing-like  expansions  from 
the  head  by  which  it  swims  freely  in  the  water.  See  Plate  III.  Figures  21-55 
and  Key  on  page  80. 

III.  Class  Cephalopoda.  (Squids,  Devilfish,  etc.)  Free  swimming,  oceanic 
mollusks  with  a large,  well  separated  head,  having  a circle  of  long,  muscular 
arms  around  the  mouth.  Eyes  very  large  and  perfect.  Usually  having  no 
external  shell.  See  Plate  1^.  Figures  56-66  and  Key  on  page  84. 

KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES  OF  MARINE  PELECYPODS. 

* Shell  when  closed  at  the  ventral  side,  gaping  more  or  less  at  the  ends,  some 

gap  a little  at  one  end,  most  gap  at  both  ends.  (N.) 

* Shell  not  at  all  gaping.  (A.) 

A.  With  not  over  three  cardinal  teeth  in  each  valve.  (C.) 

A.  With  many  small  cardinal  teeth  in  each  valve.  (B.) 

B.  With  distinct  radiating  ribs  ; large,  over  30  long 5.  Areidce 

B.  Smooth,  and  the  height  and  length  about  equal;  under  12  long 

6.  Nueulidce. 

B.  Elongated  shells,  the  length  nearly  or  quite  twice  the  height ; a pallial 
sinus 7.  Ledidce. 

C.  Valves  equal  in  size,  curvature  and  markings.  (F.) 

C.  Valves  unequal,  or  twisted  so  as  to  make  them  slightly  so.  (D.) 

D.  Two  muscular  impressions  ; a distinct  pallial  sinus.  (Q.) 

D.  One  muscular  impression ; height  about  equal  to  or  greater  than  the 
length.  (E.) 

E.  Fixed  mollusks  with  large,  thick,  rough  shells,  attached  by  the  larger 
valve  to  other  shells,  etc 1.  Ostreidce. 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


E.  Fixed  mollusks  with  thin,  pearly,  small  shells,  fixed  by  the  smaller 
valve  which  is  flat  or  concave  and  has  a hole  or  notch  at  the  hinge  for 


a plug 2.  Anomiidce. 

E Free  mollusks:  hinge  line  straight,  formed  by  ears  at  the  sides  of  the 
umbo  ; usually  with  very  distinct  radiating  ribs 3.  Pectinidce. 


F.  The  two  muscular  impressions  very  different  in  size  and  shape  ; generally 
el  ongated  shells,  usually  twice  as  long  as  high ; mussel-shaped,  the  umbo 
very  near  or  at  the  anterior  end ; inner  layer  usually  quite  pearly ; no 
pallial  sinus;  hinge  with  a few  small  teeth  or  none 4.  Mytilidce. 

F.  Some  Pectens  have  valves  so  nearly  equal  that  they  might  be  looked  for 
here.  (See  third  E above.) 

F.  Neither  mussel  nor  Pecten  shaped.  (Gr.) 

Gr.  Height  and  length  nearly  equal ; a decided  pallial  sinus ; with  either 

a plain  lunule  or  else  a shell  under  8 long 16.  Veneridce 

Gr.  Height  and  length  nearly  equal ; no  distinct  pallial  sinus,  at  the 
greatest  the  pallial  line  is  slightly  undulated  at  the  posterior  end.  (J.) 


Gt.  Length  decidedly  greater  than  the  height.  (H.) 

H.  Minute,  under  3 long;  no  sinus ..11.  Eryeinidce. 

H.  Pallial  sinus  distinct ; internal  cartilage  in  deep  pits 22.  Paphiidce. 


H.  Pallial  sinus  large;  external  ligament  present,  in  most  cases  on  the 
shorter  end  of  the  shell;  no  internal  cartilage.  (I.) 

I.  Triangular  wedge-shaped,  about  twice  as  long  as  high ; surface  with 
both  concentric  and  radiating  striae;  our  species  about  11  long  and 


thick  for  its  size;  crenulated  within. 18.  Donaeidw. 

I.  Length  to  the  height  about  as  3 to  2 20.  Tellinidce. 


J.  With  a plain  lunule  in  front  of  the  umbones.  (L.) 

J.  With  nn  lnnnlp^orl  nn  on n . virlo-P^  (K.) 

KL.  With  either  very  distinct  radiating  ribs  or  else  an  almost  globular 


shell  under  30  long 14.  Cardiidce. 

K.  Shell  large,  strong,  with  a thick  dark  epidermis ; cardinal  teeth  three 
in  each  valve 15.  Veniliidce. 

L.  Shell  with  distinct  radiating  ribs 8.  Carditidce. 

L.  Without  prominent  radiating  ribs.  (M.) 

M.  Over  20  long ; compressed,  thick,  smooth  or  concentrically  furrowed ; 
ligament  external ; epidermis  dark  and  thick 9.  Astartidce. 

M.  Shell  globular,  with  strong  gonial  folds ; ligament  in  a groove  ; no  dis- 
tinct cardinal  teeth 12.  Ungulinidce. 


M.  Shell  orbicular,  regularly  curved,  with  either  laminated  concentric 
ridges  or  oblique  parallel  ridges  which  form  an  angle  at  the  centre  ; 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


79 


ligament  oblique,  semi-internal;  epidermis  not  thick.... 13.  Lueinidce . 

M.  Shell  somewhat  quadrant  shaped ; small,  less  than  8 long ; surface 
with  concentric  ridges 10 . Crassatellidce . 

M.  Shell  not  over  5 long,  very  much  compressed ; ends  rounded 

11.  Erycinidce , 

N.  Without  toothed  hinge  or  proper  ligament,  often  with  accessory  valves ; 
no  distinct  epidermis.  (7T ) 

N.  With  proper  hinge,  often  distinctly  toothed  and  with  either  external  liga- 
ment or  internal  cartilage,  sometimes  both.  (O.) 

O.  Hinge  with  many  small  cardinal  teeth  in  each  valve 7.  Ledidce. 

O.  Hinge  of  not  over  4 cardinal  teeth  in  each  valve.  (P.) 

P.  Elongated  equivalve  shells  two  or  more  times  as  long  as  high,  gaping 
more  or  less  at  both  ends.  (S.) 

P.  Equivalve  shells  not  fully  twice  as  long  as  high.  (R.) 

P.  Inequi valve  shells  ; length  and  height  about  equal ,21.  Semelidce „ 

P.  Inequivalve  shells ; decidedly  longer  but  not  twice  as  long  as  high.  (Q. ) 

Q Over  25  long,  thin;  right  valve  much  more  convex  than  the  left; 
umbones  about  central ; both  external  ligament  and  internal  cartilage. 
25.  Anatinidce . 

Q Over  25  long  ; right  valve  nearly  flat ; whole  shell  so  compressed  that 
the  width  is  not  over  one-sixth  the  length 27.  Pandoridce . 

Q.  Over  50  long ; slightly  inequivalve ; no  external  ligament ; an  in- 
ternal cartilage  placed  between  a spoon-shaped  process,  projecting  out 
of  the  left  valve  into  a concavity  under  the  umbo  of  the  right  valve. 
SO.  My  idee, 

Q-  Not  over  12  long,  thick,  gaping  in  front ; umbones  about  central 

29.  Corbulidce. 

Q.  Covered  with  radiating  wrinkles,  thin,  fragile,  pearly  translucent ; left 
valve  slightly  larger 26.  Lyonsiidce . 

Q-  Other  small  shells  not  over  18  long 20.  Tellinidce. 

R.  Shell  somewhat  triangular-shaped,  with  an  internal  cartilage  between 
deep  triangular  pits,  similar  in  each  valve 24.  Maetridce . 

R.  Shell  thin,  rounded  in  front,  narrowed  and  gaping  behind  ; cartilage  pit 
shallow;  external  ligament  short 21.  Semelidce. 

R.  Shell  with  a large  external  ligament ; pallial  line  a series  of  elongated 
pits SI.  Saxieavidce. 

S.  Shells  elongated  3-6  times  as  long  as  high ; epidermis  polished ; 
umbones  not  over  one  fourth  from  the  anterior  end ; ligament  external. 
'. 23.  Solenidce. 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


S.  Shells  about  3 times  as  long  as  high ; umbones  about  central 

19.  Psammobiidce. 

S.  Shells  not  3 times  as  long  as  high ; surface  covered  with  elevated  radi- 
ating ridges;  chalky  white;  umbones  near  anterior  end.J7.  Petrieolidce . 

S.  Shell  about  twice  as  long  as  high ; epidermis  polished  and  with  a 

notched  border  extending  beyond  the  edge  of  the  thin  shell 

28.  Solemyidce. 

S.  Shell  thick  with  a thick  black  epidermis ; external  ligament  promi- 


nent and  on  the  shorter  end  of  the  shell 31.  Saxieavidce. 

T.  Length  decidedly  greater  than  height 32.  Pholadidce. 

T.  Length  and  height  nearly  equal ; small  shells  usually  about  6 long  never 
over  12  long 33.  Teredidce. 


KEY  TO  THE  MARINE  GASTROPODS. 

* Shell  spiral,  of  one  to  many  whorls.  (H.) 

* Shell  of  one  piece,  flat,  boat  or  cup-shaped,  if  somewhat  spiral  not  forming 
a complete  whorl.  (W.) 

* Shell  straight  or  slightly  curved,  globular  to  tubular  needle-shaped.  (B.) 

* Shell  oval-oblong,  composed  of  8 similar  arched  pieces  or  valves,  over- 
lapping each  other ; the  margins  leather-like.  (Y.) 

* Animal  without  any  external  or  internal  shell.  (A.) 

A.  Free  swimming,  pelagic  animals  with  two  wing-like  projections  from 

the  sides  of  the  head 36.  Clionidce. 

A.  Creeping  animals  with  a broad  disk  called  a foot.  (Sea  Slugs.)  (C.) 

B.  Shell  transparent  or  nearly  so,  closed  at  the  posterior  end  which  is  quite 

sharp  pointed ; animals  with  wing-like  projections;  free  swimming 

35.  Cavoliniidce . 

B.  Shell  tubular,  open  at  both  ends ; deep  water.  Genera  Dentalium  and 
Cadulus  in  Dentalidse. 

B.  Shell  not  translucent ; tubular,  operculated,  curved,  closed  but  blunt  at 

the  posterior  end;  our  species  not  over  3 long 61.  Cceeidce. 

C.  Animal  either  without  gills  or  the  gills  concealed  on  the  right  side  be- 
tween the  mantle  and  the  foot.  (G.) 

C.  Animal  with  exposed  gills  on  the  back.  (D.) 

D.  Gills  either  pinnate  or  bipinnate,  forming  a crown  upon  the  back.  (F.) 

D.  Gills  simple  to  branching  tree  like,  situated  more  or  less  along  the  sides 
of  the  body.  (E.) 

E.  Dorsal  tentacles  retractile  into  sheaths 45.  Tritoniidce. 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


81 


E.  Dorsal  tentacles  not  retractile  into  sheaths ; some  are  without  tentacles. 

46 . JEolidce. 

F.  Gills  non -retractile,  forming  only  a half  circle  of  few  plumes 

44.  Polyceridce. 

F.  Gills  either  retractile  into  one  or  more  cavities  or  united  by  a web  at 


base;  they  form  a complete  circle  or  star 43.  Dorididce. 

G-.  Broad  oval  in  form ; f as  wide  as  long 42.  Doridellidce. 


G\  Elongated,  body  itself  narrow,  some  specimens  seemingly  broad  when 

swimming  by  the  spreading  of  wing-like  expansions  on  the  sides 

47.  Elysiidce. 

H.  Shell  with  the  whorls  regularly  in  a single  plane  and  not  touching 

each  other} ....  .>.0 . . Sipl'-TC ....  .S.ee. . ,F.i  ^ . .if.} 71.  Spirulidce. 

H.  Dextral  or  right  handed  shells.  (J.) 

H.  Sinistral ; the  whorls  in  contact.  (I.) 

I.  Shell  ovate-globose,  small,  not  over  5 long,  transparent...^.  Limacinidce . 

I.  Shell  elongated,  turreted,  slender,  less  than  30  long 58.  Triforidce. 

I.  Shell  large,  over  100  long,  with  a produced  anterior  canal 

51.  Fasciolariidce. 

J.  Operculated  (nearly  all  marine  univalves  are  operculated);  aperture  not 
over  one-half  the  area  of  the  shell,  usually  much  less  than  one-half.  (N.) 

J.  Non -operculated,  or  operculum  very  minute;  aperture  with  neither  a 
canal  nor  notch  at  the  anterior  end.  (K.) 

J.  Non-operculated  ; aperture  with  a canal  at  the  anterior  end...0.VMT: 

£$... .W.S£.^.kA.^...XQ..l.CnA  50.  Pleurotomidce . 

K.  Aperture  over  f the  area  and  J the  length  of  the  shell ; spire  distinct, 

pointed;  shell  ear  shaped 07.  Naticidce. 

K.  Aperture  i the  area  or  more  and  the  full  length  of  the  shell.  (M.) 

K.  Aperture  less  than  J the  area  of  the  shell.  (L.) 

L.  Aperture  f to  the  full  length  of  the  shell ; spire  distinct,  in  most  cases 

flattened;  inner  lip  with  a single  fold  or  smooth 38.  Tornatinidce. 

L.  Aperture  about  \ the  length  of  the  shell ; shell  globose,  thin,  fragile, 
translucent ; outer  lip  very  thin  ; 20-25  long  and  wide.  Shells  of  Janthina 
fragilis  in  Janthinidse.  Rarely  thrown  on  the  beach. 

L.  Deep  water  species  with  the  inner  lip  with  no  teeth  but  a strong  fold ; 
aperture  about  \ the  length  of  the  shell ; spire  conical ; whole  shell 
many  whorled  and  spirally  grooved  with,  in  most  cases,  punctate  strise  ; 

12  or  less  long 37.  Actceonidce. 

L.  Aperture  the  length  of  the  shell;  inner  lip  with  2 or  more  teeth.... 
48.  Auriculidce. 


JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


&2 

M.  Shell  of  but  a single  whorl ; aperture  more  than  § the  area  of  the 


shell;  minute,,  less  than  2 long 41.  Philinidcer 

M.  Shell  of  several  whorls,  under  4 long  ; spire  flat 39.  Seaphandridce . 


M»  Shell  of  several  whorls  ; a pit  in  place  of  the  spire ; over  6 long 

40.  Bullidce . 

N.  Anterior  margin  of  aperture  entire,  usually  rounded.  (S.) 

N.  Anterior  margin  of  aperture  notched  or  produced  into  a canal.  (O.) 

O.  Shell  with  a canal  formed  by  a decided  prolongation  of  the  anterior 
end.  (V.) 

O.  Canal  short  or  none,  but  the  aperture  notched.  (P.) 


P.  Shell  large,  40  or  more  long  ; whorls  rounded 52.  Buccinidce, 

P.  Shells  20-40  long;  whorls  rounded 1 55.  Murieidce. 


P.  Whorls  flattened  and  in  most  species  covered  with  a beaded  surface  formed 
by  longitudinal  and  revolving  lines  or  else  revolving  lines  very  distinct. 

(Q.) 

Q.  Aperture  over  J the  length  of  the  shell ; angle  of  spire  over  40°.  Shell 

10-30  long 53.  Nassidce. 

Q.  Aperture  J or  less  the  length  of  the  shell.  (R.) 

R.  Rather  long  shells  (15-70),  angle  of  spire  under  20°.... 49.  Terebridce . 

R.  Shells  less  than  15  long;  aperture  about  J the  length,  whor’s  9 or 
more 59.  Ceritliiopsidce , 

R.  Shells  less  than  10  long  ; aperture  about  \ the  length  ; whorls  under  9. 
60.  Cerithiidce . 

S.  Shell  tubular,  spiral  at  the  apex,  irregularly  twisted  near  the  aperture. 
62.  Vermetidce . 

S.  Shell  regularly  spiral ; elongated,  width  less  than  J the  length  ; whorls 
5 or  more  ; angle  of  spire  less  than  45° ; aperture  less  than  half  the  length 
of  the  shell.  (T.) 

S.  Shell  regularly  spiral ; shortened ; width  nearly  as  great  as  or  greater 
than  the  length;  whorls  usually  few  ; angle  of  spire  always  over  50° 
usually  over  90°  ; aperture  over  J the  length  of  the  shell.  (U.) 

T.  Whorls  rounded,  almost  separated,  crossed  by  elevated  longitudinal 

ribs;  aperture  oval ; lip  continuous;  our  species  over  10  long 

56.  Sccdaridce. 

T.  Whorls  about  5 ; minute  shells,  less  than  5 long;  width  about  £ length  ; 
aperture  about  3 lo^guii;  apex  blunt 64.  Rissoidce. 

T.  Whorls  5-10;  shells  elongated-conical,  turreted ; aperture  our 
species  4-10  long 57.  Pyramidellidce . 

U.  Shell  conical;  pearly  under  the  epidermis  and  within  the  aperture, 


NATUKAL  HISTOKY  SOCIETY. 


83 


usually  brilliantly  so ; under  15  long ; aperture  circular ; whorls  con- 
vex ; umbilicus  large  and  deep 69.  Trochidce. 

U.  Shell  globular  or  oval;  spire  quite  short;  the  body  whorl  very  large; 
umbilicus  rounded,  distinct,  either  free  or  covered  with  a callus  ; aperture 

§ or  more  the  length  of  the  shell ; angle  of  spire  90°  or  more 

67.  Natieidce. 

U.  Shell  usually  top-shaped,  sometimes  globular  ; interior  not  pearly,  8-30 

long ; umbilicus  if  present  not  rounded  nor  covered  with  a callus 

63.  Litorinidce. 

U.  Shell  minute,  nearly  disk-shaped,  widely  umbilicated 65.  Adeorlidce. 

V.  Large  heavy  shells,  over  100  long,  pear-shaped  ; whorls  angulated  or 
nodulous 51.  Faseiolariidce . 

V.  Kather  thin  shells,  20-80  long,  ovate  to  pear-shaped;  whorls  rounded 
and  covered  with  40-60  small  revolving  ridges 52.  Bueeinidce. 

V.  Shells  over  20  long,  with  longitudinal  rib-like  undulations  crossed  by 
revolving  lines ; in  one  species  the  revolving  ridges  are  more  distinct 
than  the  longitudinal  ones 55.  Murieidce. 

V.  Shells  less  than  20  long;  aperture  with  a notch  near  the  posterior  end 
formed  by  the  outer  lip  not  squarely  meeting  the  body  wall ; whorls 
shouldered  and  longitudinally  ribbed 50.  Pleurotomidce. 

V.  Shells  less  than  15  long;  aperture  entire  at  the  posterior  end,  narrow 
and  a little  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell ; canal  rather  short.. 
54.  Columbellidce. 

W.  Shell  with  the  apex  somewhat  spiral,  and  an  internal,  usually  horizontal, 
partition  or  diaphragm 66.  Calyptrceidce. 

W.  Shell  conical  or  cup-shaped  with  apex  turned  forward  ; no  shelf  nor  par- 
tition. (X.) 

X.  No  perforation  at  the  apex  nor  notch  in  the  margin 68.  Acmceidce. 

X.  Apex  recurved ; margin  or  apex  perforated ; shells  found  either  in  deep 
water  or  south  of  C.  Hatteras Fissurellidce . 

Y.  The  only  species  in  the  region,  belonging  to  the  order,  are  in  the  family... 
70.  Ischnochitonidce . 


JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


KEY  TO  THE  CEPHALOPODS. 

Body  short,  rounded  behind,  with  minute  terminal  fins ; having  within  a 

white,  pearly,  spiral,  many -chambered  shell.  Pelagic 71.  Spirulidcei 

Body. elongated ; eyes  covered  by  the  skin  of  the  body ; an  internal  horny 

part  in  the  back,  shaped  like  a feather  ; frequently  found  near  shores 

76.  Loliginidce. 

Body  elongated ; eyes  naked ; the  internal  horny  part  in  the  back  never 
feather-shaped,  usually  small,  lance-form.  (A.) 

A.  Fins  on  the  back,  not  extending  to  the  tail,  rounded,  narrow  at  base... 

75.  Sepiolidce . 

A.  Fins  extending  to  the  extremity  of  the  body.  (B.) 

B.  Body  attenuated  behind ; fins  rounded ; tentacular  arms  long 

74.  Cranehiidce. 

B.  Body  not  especially  slender  behind ; fins  usually  triangular.  (C.) 

C.  Tentacular  arms  short  and  furnished  with  suckers  only 

72.  Ommatostrephidce . 

G Tentacular  arms  with  thick  clubs  furnished  with  hooks  as  well 
as  suckers* 73.  Onychoteuthidce* 


F am.  2.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


'85 


CLASS  I,  PELECYPODA. 

Laterally  compressed,  headless  Mollusks  encased  in  a bivalve 
shell.  Their  organs  are  inclosed  in  a mantle,  one  leaf  of  which 
envelops  each  side.  Just  within  the  mantle  there  are  in  most 
eases  four,  leaf-like,  striated  gills,  two  on  each  side.  The  shell 
consists  of  a right  and  left  valve,  with  more  or  less  of  a dorsal 
hinge,  opened  by  means  of  a self-acting,  elastic  substance,  and 
closed  by  either  one  or  two  muscles  which  extend  between  the 
valves.  The  sexes  are  usually  separate. 

Order  PRIONODESMACEA. 

Hinge  teeth  almost  entirety  transverse  to  the  hinge  margin, 
rarely  few,  often  numerous ; substance  of  the  shell  often  in  great 
part  pearly ; very  few  are  entirety  limy  or  porcellanous. 

Family  1.  OSTREID/L 

Shell  inequivalve,  slightly  inequilateral,  free  or  adherent,  rest- 
ing on  one  valve ; umbo  central,  not  oblique ; ligament  internal ; 
epidermis  thin  ; adductor  impression  single  in  the  adult,  behind 
the  centre;  pallial  line  obscure;  hinge  usually  without  teeth. 
Animal  marine ; mantle  fully  open,  slightly  adherent  to  the  edge 
of  the  shell;  foot  small  or  absent;  gills  crescent  shaped,  two  on 
each  side. 

1.  Ostrea,  L.  The  Oysters. 

Shell  attached  by  the  left  valve;  the  upper  valve  flat  or  con- 
• cave,  often  plain;  lower  convex,  often  plaited  or  foliaceous,  and 
with  a prominent  umbo  ; cartilage  pit  elongated ; hinge  toothless ; 
substance  somewhat  pearly,  laminated. 

1 . Ostrea  Virginica , Gmel.  Shell  gradually  widening  from 
the  long,  pointed  umbo;  surface,  when  not  worn,  showing  leaf 
like  scales;  muscular  impression  large,  distinct,  and  near  the 
centre.  Surface  leaden  color ; shell  whitish  ; muscular  impres- 
sion chestnut  or  violet  color.  Distance  from  umbo,  150-250 ; 
L.  70-80. — Whole  coast.  Abundant. 

Family  2.  ANOM 1 1 D/E. 

Shell  thin,  pearly,  with  a deep  notch  or  hole  in  the  under  valve 
near  the  umbones,  for  a byssal  plug  by  which  the  shell  is  at- 
tached. 

Animal  without  palpi  around  the  mouth  ; mantle  open  except 


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at  the  hinge,  with  the  double  margins  pendent  and  fringed  but 
with  no  ocelli ; gills  two  on  each  side,  unsymmetrical,  united 
posteriorly ; foot  small,  cylindrical,  expanded  and  grooved  at 
the  end ; byssus  large,  scaly,  passing  through  a hole  in  the  man- 
tle and  attached  by  a powerful  muscle  to  the  left  valve. 

1.  Anomia,  L. 

Shell  suborbicular,  thin,  pearly,  translucent,  with  a cfeep^n&tch 
or  hole  in  the  right  valve  for  a plug  which  is  used  to  fasten  the 
shell  to  other  shells;  this  lower  valve  is  flat  or  concave.  Animal 
with  open  mantle  and  small,  cylindrical  foot. 

1.  Anomia  simplex,  Orb.  (Fig.  1.)  Shell  orbicular  or  distorted  ; 
upper  valve  very  convex,  its  umbo  not  reaching  the  edge,  and 
its  surface  very  variable,  its  shape  dependent  upon  the  shell  to 
which  it  adheres ; lower  valve  smaller,  with  a circular  hole  very 
near  the  margin,  often  with  the  edge  open.  Polished  black,  red, 
yellow,  or  ashy  to  white ; interior  the  same,  except  the  muscular 
impression  which  is  white.  Diameters  about  25. — Whole  coast. 
Common  south. 

2.  Anomia  aculeata , L.  Shell  smaller  than  the  preceeding, 
and  with  the  upper  valve  covered  with  fine,  prickly  scales  ar- 
ranged in  radiating  lines ; the  umbo  reaching  the  edge ; lower 
valve  smooth.  Yellowish  to  whitish.  Diameter  about  12, — New 
York  and  north.  Common  north. 

Family  3.  PECTIN1D/E. 

Represented  only  b}^  the  genus  : — 

1.  Pecten,  Mul. 

Shell  suborbicular  regular,  resting  on  the  right  valve,  usually 
ornamented  with  radiating  ribs;  umbones  approximate,  eared, 
making  the  hinge  line  straight;  only  one,  very  faint,  muscular 
impression ; anterior  ear  more  prominent ; right  valve  with  a 
notch  below  the  front  ear ; ligament  narrow ; internal  cartilage 
in  a central  pit. 

Animal  wTith  open  mantle;  the  margins  double,  the  inner 
pendent,  like  a curtain,  finely  fringed  ; at  its  base,  a row  of  many, 
bright,  black  eyes,  surrounded  by  tentacular  filaments ; gills  ex- 
ceedingly delicate,  crescent  shaped ; foot  finger  like,  grooved  ; 
one  adductor  muscle.  These  animals  are  very  beautiful,  and  can 
swim  and  skip  over  the  sand  and  mud  with  great  dexterity  ; the 


Fam.  4.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


$7 


movement  is  performed  by  suddenly  opening  and  closing  the 
valves. 

* Decidedly  inequi valve;  one  valve  nearly  flat;  covered  with  radiating 


lines  rather  than  ribs 3. 

* Valves  with  radiating  ribs.  (A.) 

A.  About  50  on  each  valve ....... 2. 

A.  About  20  on  each  valve . ... L 


1.  Pecten  irradians , Lam.  (Fig.  4.)  Shell  orbicular,  with 
about  20  elevated,  rounded,  radiating  ribs,  and  numerous,  con- 
centric wrinkles  ; ears  large  and  nearly  equal.  Very  variable  in 
color,  the  upper  valve  darker.  Diameters  50-75. — -Whole  coast. 
Very  common  south. 

2.  Pecten  Islandicus , Chez.  Shell  nearly  orbicular,  with  over 
50  small,  scaly  radiating  ribs  ; ears  unequal.  Diameters  about 
80,  the  distance  across  from  the  umbo  greater. — Mass,  and  north. 
More  common  north.  Rather  deep  water. 

3.  Pecten  magellanicus , Gmel.  Shell  orbicular;  the  lower 
valve  nearly  flat  and  not  quite  as  large  as  the  upper  one ; ears 
nearly  equal ; surface  covered  with  very  numerous  and  very  fine 
radiating  strise;  the  striae  of  the  lower  valve  less  distinct.  Up- 
per valve  brownish  ; lower  one  white.  Diameters  about  125.— 
New  Jersey  and  north.  Not  rare  north. 

Family  4,  MYTIL1D/E.  The  Mussels. 

Shell  equivalve,  oval  or  elongated,  closed ; umbones  anterior ; 
epidermis  thick  and  dark,  often  filamentose ; ligament  external, 
submarginal,  very  long ; hinge  with  a few  small  teeth  or  usually 
none ; inkier  shell  layer  more  or  less  pearly ; pallial  line  simple ; 
anterior  muscular  impression  small  and  narrow,  posterior  large, 
obscure. 

Animal  marine  or  fiuviatile,  attached  by  a byssus ; mantle 
lobes  united  between  the  siphonal  openings ; foot  cylindrical, 
grooved. 

* Surface  without  radiating  ribs,  sometimes  with  faint  radiating  lines.  (A.) 


A.  Umbones  at  the  anterior  end.  (B.) 

B.  Large,  over  50  long L Mytilus. 

B.  Small,  under  20  long  ; lunate  in  form 5 . Dreissensia. 

A.  Umbones  near  but  not  at  the  anterior  end 2 . Modiola . 

* Surface  with  radiating  ribs.  (C.) 


C.  Radiating  ribs  at  both  ends  of  the  shell,  but  a central  triangle  smooth. 

3.  Modiolaria. 

C.  Radiating  ribs  all  over  the  shell.  (D.) 


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D.  Twice  a§  long  as  high 2.  Modiola. 

D.  Less  than  twice  as  long  as  high 4.  Crenella. 


1.  Mytilus,  L. 

Shell  wedge-shaped,  rounded  behind,  usually  smooth ; umbones 
terminal,  pointed ; hinge  teeth  minute  or  none. 

Animal  with  the  mantle  margins  plain  behind  and  slightly 
projecting ; byssus  strong  and  coarse. 

1.  Mytilus  edulis , L.  (Fig.  2.)  Shell  ovate-triangular,  um- 
bones pointed  and  placed  at  the  end  of  the  shell ; basal  and 
hinge  margins  nearly  straight ; gonial  ridge  distinct.  Color  of 
shell  itself  violet  to  horn  color ; epidermis  usually  blue-black ; 
within,  silvery  white  except  the  margins  which  are  violet ; some- 
times the  colors  radiate  from  the  umbo.  L.  75  ; H.  35  ; W.  30  ; 
An.  of  margins  50°. — Whole  coast.  Common  on  rocks  and  tim- 
bers. 

2.  Modiola,  Lam. 

Shell  oblong,  inflated  in  front;  umbones  near  the  anterior  end, 


obtuse ; hinge  toothless. 

* No  radiating  ribs,  sometimes  with  faint  radiating  lines 1. 

* With  radiating  ribs 2. 


1.  Modiola  modiolus , L.  Shell  oblong-ovate;  umbones  tumid 
and  placed  on  one  side  near  but  not  at  the  anterior  end ; basal 
margin  arched ; gonial  ridge  broad,  rounded ; shell  compressed 
along  hinge  margin ; radiating  lines  faint  or  none.  Epidermis 
thick  and  leathery,  chestnut  or  brown  in  color;  interior  pearly, 
of  a somewhat  livid  color.  L.  100 ; H.  50 ; W.  45 ; An.  of 
margins  45°.  Sometimes  L.  180. — New  Jersey  and  north.  Com- 
mon ; thrown  on  beach  from  deep  water. 

^ 2.  Modiola  plicatula , Lam.  Shell  quite  elongated;  umbones 
as  in  the  preceeding ; surface  ornamented  with  numerous  radiat- 
ing ribs ; these  are  most  conspicuous  above  and  behind ; they 
are  very  fine  in  the  podial  region.  Epidermis  greenish-yellow 
to  reddish-brown ; within  pearly,  more  or  less  purple  tinted. 
L.  75;  H.  30;  W.  23;  An.  of  margins  30°.  Sometimes  L.  100. — 
Whole  extent.  Very  common  on  mud  of  tide  water  flats. 

3.  Modiolaria,  Beck. 

Shell  rhomboidal,  ornamented  with  two  sets  of  rather  fine, 
radiating  lines,  the  middle  portion  smooth. 

1.  Modiolaria  nigra)  Gray.  Shell  ovate,  widest  behind;  the 


Fam.  4.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


89 


umbones  rather  prominent,  usually  eroded  quite  a distance  from 
the  anterior  end ; one  section  of  the  fine  radiations  covers  the 
whole  upper  and  posterior  part  of  the  shell ; the  second  section, 
at  the  anterior  end,  is  small  in  extent  but  distinctly  radiated ; 
margin  not  crenulated.  Epidermis  rusty  brown,  glossy  ; interior 
livid,  with  pearly  or  silvery  lustre.  L.  50;  H.  28;  W.  15;  U.  tV 
— Connecticut  and  north.  Deep  water. 

2.  Modiolaria  lateralis.  Say.  Shell  oval,  widest  near  the  mid- 
dle ; gonial  ridge  broad,  rounded,  and  forming  a rounded  lobe 
at  the  gonium  ; on  and  above  this  ridge,  the  surface  is  covered 
with  numerous,  fine,  radiating  lines, ; in  front  of  the  umbo,  there 
are  about  8 small,  rib  like  radiating  lines.  Epidermis  olive, 
with  dark,  chestnut  colored  shades;  interior  brilliantly  silvery. 
L.  30;  H.  18;  W.  12;  U.  to, — Maine  and  south. 

3.  Modiolaria  corrugata , Stim.  Shell  irregularly  oval,  tumid, 
heart-shaped  when  viewed  in  front;  somewhat  lobed  at  the 
gonium,  as  in  the  preceeding;  about  16  ribs  in  the  front  section, 
and  many  over  the  back ; margin  crenulated.  Epidermis  greenish 
yellow ; within,  silvery.  L.  11 ; H.  7 ; W.  4 ; U.r^. — Long  Island 
and  north.  Deep  water. 

4,  Crenella,  Br. 

Shell  oval  or  rhomboidal,  pearly,  with  radiating  ribs  ; umbones 
straight;  ligament  small;  a crenulated  cardinal  tooth  in  each 
valve. 

Animal  with  a cylindrical  foot  having  a disk  like  end  issuing- 
out  of  a sheath ; byssus  a single  thread. 

1.  Crenella  glandula,  Tot.  Shell  rounded  oval;  umbones  slightly 
projecting  and  (if  the  shell  is  held  in  the  mussel  position),  near 
the  anterior  end;  surface  covered  with  minute  lines  of  growth, 
crossed  by  many,  small,  rounded,  radiating  ribs,  nearly  equal  in 
size,  over  the  whole  surface  of  the  shell,  the  number  increasing 
as  the  spaces  widen.  Epidermis  thin,  brownish  yellow ; within 
white,  somewhat  pearly.  L.  12 ; H.  9 ; W.  7.  These  dimensions 
are  of  the  shell  resting  on  its  nearly  straight  base. — New  Jersey 
and  north.  Nol  rare  in  3-30  fathoms. 

5.  Dreissensia,  Van  B. 

Shell  like  Mytilus,  but  without  its  pearly  lining. 

Animal  with  the  mantle  closed,  and  with  siphon  tubes. 


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1,  Dreissensia  leucophxta , Con.  Shell  crescent  shaped,  with  the 
posterior  end  broader  and  rounded;  umbones  terminal.  Epi- 
dermis rough,  brownish;  interior  not  pearly.  L.  IS;  H.  7 
W.  6.  Animal  with  short  siphons. — Maryland  and  south.  On 
oysters  in  brackish  water. 

Family  5,  ARCID/L 

Shell  regular,  equivalve,  with  heavy  epidermis ; ligament  ex- 
terior, occupying  an  area  between  the  umbones ; hinge  with  a 
long  row  of  similar,  comb-like  teeth;  pallial  line  distinct  and 
without  sinus;  muscular  impressions  nearly  equal.  Animal 
with  open  mantle,  large,  bent,  deeply  grooved  foot,  and  very  ob- 
lique gills. 

1.  Arca,  L. 

Shell  about  equivalve,  thick,  subquadrate,  closed  (in  our 
species),  with  strong  radiating  ribs ; hinge  straight,  with  numer- 
ous teeth;  umbones  anterior,  separated  by  a lozenge  shaped 
space  containing  the  external  ligament. 

Animal  with  a long,  pointed  foot ; mantle  furnished  with  ocelli; 
animal  usually  attached  by  byssus ; palpi  none ; gills  long  and 


narrow. 

* Umbones  J from  anterior  end L 

* Umbones  J or  more  from  anterior  end 2,  3 . 


1.  Area  pexata,  Say.  (Fig.  3.)  Shell  more  rounded  than  the 
next ; umbones  turn  obliquely  forward  and  terminate  over  the 
anterior  end  of  hinge.  Epidermis  thick,  shaggy,  fibrous  and 
dark  brown  in  color.  L.  55  ; FL  42  ; W.  35  ; U.i. — Mass,  and 
south.  Not  rare. 

2.  Arca  transversa , Say.  Shell  oblong,  rhomboidal,  with  about 
33  radiating  ribs  ; lower  margin  but  little  curved  ; umbones  situ- 
ated near  the  anterior  third  of  hinge  as  shown  by  the  ligament 
and  the  series  of  teeth.  Epidermis  chestnut  brown.  L.  37  ; 
H.  25  ; W.  23  ; U.J. — Cape  Cod  and  south.  Not  rare. 

3.  Arca  ponderosa,  Say.  Similar  in  shape  to  A.  transversa  but 
the  shell  is  heavier  and  the  ribs  are  fewer  in  number  and  are 
grooved  along  their  centres ; the  umbones  end  over  the  centre  of 
the  series  of  teeth.  L.  60;  H.  48;  W.  38;  U.  about  J. — New 
Jersey  and  south. 

Family  6.  NUCULID/E. 

Shell  oval  to  triangular,  small,  pearly  within ; hinge  with  a 


Fam.  7.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


91 


long  row  of  teeth  divided  into  two  sets  by  a pit  for  an  internal 
cartilage ; pallial  line  entire.  Animal  with  open,  plain-edged 
mantle ; foot  large  forming  when  expanded  a disk  with  notched 
margins ; mouth  minute ; palpi  very  large  and  furnished  with 
long  convoluted  appendages ; gills  small,  feather  like. 

1.  Nucula,  Lam. 

Shell  small,  somewhat  triangular,  with  the  umbones  turned 
toward  the  short  (posterior)  end,  closed  ; hinge  line  curved  or 
angular,  with  a distinct  cartilage  pit  separating  the  line  of  small, 
sharp  teeth  on  each  end. 

Animal  with  plain  edged  mantle ; foot  large,  forming,  when 
expanded,  a disk  with  serrated  margins ; palpi  very  large,  and 
protruding  from  the  shell  with  the  foot;  gills  small,  plume-like. 
Inhabitants  of  rather  deep  water  (2  to  100  fathoms)  and  so  are 
rarely  thrown  on  shore;  often  found  in  the  stomachs  of  fishes. 

1.  Nucula  proxima , Say.  Shell  oblique,  ovate-triangular,  crossed 
by  minute,  concentric  and  radiating  lines ; umbones  prominent ; 
hinge  teeth  about  12  behind  and  18  before  the  small  cartilage 
pit ; the  two  series  of  teeth  form  nearly  a right  angle  ; inner  edge 
finely  crenulated.  Epidermis  light  olive ; interior,  pearly.  L. 
10;  H.  9;  W.  6;  U.  f ; An.  85°.— Whole  coast. 

2.  Nucula  delphinodonta , Migh.  Shells  oblique,  ovate-triangu- 
lar, tumid ; hinge  with  3 teeth  behind  and  7 before  the  cartilage 
pit;  a deep  heart-shaped  excavation  in  front  of  the  umbones 
bordered  by  a ridge.  Epidermis  olive.  L.  3J ; H.  2f ; W.  2J 
U.  f ; An.  100°. — New  England. 

Family  7.  LEDID/E. 

Shell  more  elongated  than  in  the  preceeding  family,  rounded 
in  front  and  extended  and  somewhat  pointed  behind ; teeth  of 
the  hinge  many,  divided  by  a cartilage  into  two  sets ; pallial 
line  with  a small  or  large  sinus.  Animal  with  partially  or 
wholly  united,  elongated  siphons;  gills  narrow,  feather-like; 
palpi  large. 

* Pallial  sinus  large  ; cardinal  teeth  of  the  two  ends  about  equal  in  number. 

* .• 1.  Yoldia. 

* Pallial  sinus  small ; teeth  of  the  posterior  or  narrow  end  about  J more 

than  the  anterior 2.  Leda. 

1.  Yoldia,  Mor. 

Shell  oblong,  compressed,  gaping  behind,  smooth  and  shining  ; 


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external  ligament  slight,  and  an  internal  cartilage  in  pit  between 
the  series  of  many  teeth ; pallial  sinus  deep. 

Animal  with  united,  retractile  siphons ; foot  slightly  keeled, 
deeply  grooved,  its  margins  crenated ; mantle  margin  plain  in 
front  and  fringed  behind.  The  animal  is  very  active  and  leaps 
around  in  the  water  in  an  astonishing  way.  Deep  water,  2-100 
fathoms. 

1.  Yoldia  Umatilla,  Say.  Shell  oblong-ovate,  the  umbones 
about  central  and  not  prominent ; posterior  dorsal  slope  straight, 
making  that  end  quite  angular ; anterior  and  basal  margins  regu- 
larly rounded;  cartilage  pit  small;  the  teeth  extend  f the 
length  of  the  shell,  22  on  the  rounded  and  18  on  the  rostrated 
end.  Epidermis  polished,  light  green ; interior  bluish-white, 
somewhat  pearly.  L,  47;  H.  23;  W.  12;  U.  \\  An.  170°. — 
Whole  coast. 

2.  Yoldia  sapotilla , Gld.  Similar  in  shape  to  the  preceeding  but 
much  smaller ; thin,  fragile,  translucent ; cartilage  pit  deep  and 
triangular ; teeth  about  sixteen  on  each  end.  Epidermis  highly 
polished,  pale  yellowish-green;  pearly-white  within.  L.  22  ; LL 
11 ; W.  7 ; U.  a little  in  front  of  centre;  An.  160°. — New  Eng- 
land. 

2.  Leda,  Schum. 

Shell  oblong;  rounded  in  front,  pointed  behind;  pallial  line 
with  small  sinus. 

1.  Leda  pernula , Mul.  Shell  ovate-lanceolate,  front  end 
rounded,  hind  end  much  narrowed,  rostrated,  and  slightly  turned 
upward ; dorsal  surface  with  a lanceolate,  smooth  and  shining 
area  behind  the  umbones;  below  this,  a gonial  ridge  forms 
an  obtuse  fold ; surface  with  numerous,  concentric  folds ; car- 
dinal teeth  about  13  in  front,  and  17  back  of  the  cardinal  pit. 
Epidermis  light  greenish-yellow  ; pearly-white  within.  L.  16  ; 
H.  7;  W.  4;  U.  J;  An.  160°.— New  England. 

Order  TELEODESMACEA. 

Hinge  with  few  transverse  or  cardinal  teeth  and  usually  heavy 
and  strong  longitudinal  or  lateral  teeth ; substance  of  shell 
always  limy  or  porcellanous,  never  with  pearly  layers. 

Family  8.  CARDITID/E, 

Shell  thick,  solid,  roundly  ovate,  and  covered  with  radiating 


Fam.  9.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


93 


ribs  or  lines ; hinge  with  about  two  cardinal  teeth  in  each  valve  ; 
pallial  line  entire;  ligament  external,  strong.  Animal  with 
mantle-lobes  free  except  at  the  siphonal  end  ; gills  rounded  in 
front,  tapering  behind  and  united  together. 

1.  Venericardia,  Lam. 

Shell  suborbicular,  radiately  ribbed  and  covered  by  a rough 
epidermis ; hinge  with  two  robust  teeth  in  the  left  valve,  and 
one  in  the  right. 

1.  Venericardia  borealis , Con.  Shell  thick  and  strong,  rounded 
or  somewhat  heart  shaped;  umbones  projecting  well  in  front  in 
old  shells,  the  rest  of  the  shell  evenly  rounded ; surface  raised 
into  about  20,  rounded,  radiating  ribs,  which  are  broader  than 
the  grooves  between  them  ; the  ribs  are  roughened  by  coarse  lines 
of  growth  ; lunule  rhomboidal,  deep  ; ligament  small  and  sunken; 
interior  margin  strongly  crenulated.  Epidermis  strong,  rusty 
brown;  interior  white.  L.  25;  H.  25 ; W.  17  ; U.  — Whole 
extent. 

Var  novanglise , Morse.  A smaller  more  elongated  and  thin- 
ner shell,  the  umbones  not  so  projecting  nor  so  far  in  front, 
and  the  hinge  plate  much  narrower ; the  radiating  ribs  are  about 
17  in  number.  L.  21  ; H.  16;  W.  14;  U.  — New  England. 

Family  9.  ASTARTID£. 

Shell  nearly  as  in  the  preceeding  family  except  that  there 
are  no  radiating  ribs,  but  the  shell  is  either  smooth  or  concen- 
trically striated  or  furrowed.  Animal  with  a moderate,  tongue- 
shaped foot;  lips  large,  palpi  lanceolate;  gills  nearly  equal. 

1.  Astarte,  J.  SowTb. 

Shell  suborbicular,  compressed,  thick,  smooth  or  concentrically 
furrowed;  lunule  impressed;  ligament  external;  hinge  teeth 
strong,  about  2 in  each  valve ; epidermis  dark. 

Animal  with  mantle  open  ; margins  plain  or  slightly  fringed  ; 
siphonal  openings  simple;  foot  moderate,  tongue-shaped. 

1.  Astarte  undata , Gld.  Shell  thick,  ovate-triangular,  some- 
what compressed  ; anterior  end  shorter,  concave,  and  with  a 
deep,  smooth,  lnnceolate  lunule;  a still  longer,  lunule  shaped 
excavation  found  back  of  the  umbones  ; umbones  in  contact, 
obtuse;  surface  covered  with  from  15-25,  strongly  developed 
furrows  and  ridges ; the  furrows  a little  wider  than  the  ridges ; 


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hinge  margin  strong ; 2 large  cardinal  teeth  in  the  left,  and  1 
in  the  right  valve.  Epidermis  brownish  olive ; interior  polished, 
bluish-white.  L.  30  ; H.  27  ; W.  14 ; U.  about  central ; An  120°. 
— New  England.  Dead  shells  common. 

2.  Astarte  castanea , Say.  Similar  in  form  and  solidity  to  A. 
undata;  but  the  umbones  are  more  elevated,  the  lunule  is  short, 
broad,  deep,  smooth,  ovate  lanceolate ; surface  very  slightly  un- 
dulated at  the  stages  of  growth  ; ligament  small ; interior  margin, 
like  A.  undata,  is  crenulated  in  adult  shells.  Epidermis  chestnut 
color,  with  usually,  the  posterior  portion  curiously  blackened, 
L.  25;  H.  25;  W.  13;  U.  about  central ; An.  110°. — New  Jersey 
and  north.  Common. 

Family  10.  CRASSATELLI D/E. 

Shell  rounded  to  oblong,  mostly  concentrically  striated  or  fur- 
rowed, covered  with  an  epidermis ; hinge  with  about  2 teeth  in 
each  valve ; pallial  line  entire  or  with  a sinus. 

1.  Eriphyla,  Gabb. 

Shell  equivalve,  somewhat  triangular,  with  concentric  ridges 
or  plates ; lunule  distinct,  cardinal  teeth  1-2  ; pallial  line  about 
simple. 

1.  Eriphyla  lunulata , Con.  Shell  small,  solid,  orbicular,  with 
the  anterior  slope  truncated  obliquely,  or  slightly  concave,  mak- 
ing it  quadrant  shaped  ; lunule  long  and  deeply  excavated  ; the 
surface  is  undulated,  with  about  14,  concentric,  rib-like  waves, 
and  is  marked  between  them  with  minute,  regular  radiating 
striae.  Color  pale  yellowish-green.  L.  6 ; H.  6 ; YV.  2J ; U.  \ , 
An.  90°. — Cape  Cod  and  south.  Common. 

Family  11.  ERYCI N 1 D/E. 

Shells  very  small,  thin,  fragile,  usually  transparent,  and  some- 
times gaping ; hinge  narrow,  with  one  or  two  cardinal  teeth  ; 
muscular  impressions  small  and  faint ; pallial  line  entire. 

* Shell  very  minute,  less  than  3 long,  translucent ; nearly  twice  as  long  as 


high 1.  Turtonia. 

* Shell  over  3 long,  compressed 2.  Kellia. 


1.  Turtonia,  For.  & Han. 

Shell  oblong,  with  umbones  near  anterior  end ; ligament  con- 
cealed between  the  valves ; cardinal  teeth  2 in  each  valve. 

Animal  with  only  the  excurrent  siphon  which  is  slender  and 
elongated. 


Fam.  12.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


95 


1.  Turtonia  minuta,  Fabr.  Shell  very  minute,  fragile,  semi- 
transparent, elongated-ovate,  rather  convex ; posterior  end  nar- 
row and  somewhat  pointed;  umbones  slightly  elevated ; lower 
margin  well  curved.  Straw  color,  blending  into  dark  purple  at 
the  umbones  and  posterior  slope  ; interior  similar.  L.  2 ; H.  1J; 
W.  1 ; U.  J. — New  England.  Common  under  stones  at  low 
water. 

2.  Kellia,  Tur, 

Shell  small,  thin,  suborbicular,  closed;  umbones  small;  mar- 
gin smooth;  ligament  semi-internal;  cardinal  teeth,  1 or  2 in 
each  valve. 

Animal  with  incurrent  opening  in  front,  and  excurrent  be- 
hind ; foot  strap-shaped,  and  with  a byssus  groove. 

1.  Kellia  planulata , Stim.  Shell  minute,  closed,  not  very  thin, 
oval-oblong,  ends  broadly  rounded ; umbones  a little  prominent, 
and  in  contact ; lunule  elongated,  smooth,  deep ; surface  marked 
with  lines  of  growth,  eroded  at  the  umbones;  muscular  impres- 
sions and  pallial  line  faint.  White,  covered  with  a rather  thick, 
dirty-brown  epidermis;  inside  white  and  glossy.  L.  4 ; H.  3 ; 
W.  1J;  U.  J. — New  England.  Under  stones  at  low  water;  rather 
rare. 

Family  12,  UNGULINID/E, 

Shells  rounded,  small,  thin,  with  slender  cardinal  teeth  or  none; 


ligament  partially  or  wholly  internal. 

* Shell  minute,  elongated,  without  gonial  folds 1.  Tellimya , 

* Shell  globular,  with  gonial  groove 2.  Cryptodon. 


1.  Tellimya,  Br. 

Shell  minute,  thin,  oblong;  umbones  back  of  the  centre; 
hinge  line  notched ; cartilage  internal,  between  two,  thin  teeth 
in  each  valve. 

Animal  with  a single,  siphonal  orifice ; foot  large,  broad,  and 
with  a byssus  groove. 

1.  Tellimya  elevata,  Stim.  Shell  fragile,  slightly  gaping,  ovate- 
oblong,  both  ends  obtusely  rounded,  the  front  end  broader, 
tumid  near  the  umbones,  but  compressed  near  the  margins; 
umbones  acute  and  prominent ; surface  shining,  but  rough  with 
the  numerous  edges  of  the  lines  of  growth;  inside  polished, 
without  apparent  muscular  or  pallial  impressions,  except  in 
very  old  shells,  but  with  faintly  marked,  radiating  lines ; carti- 


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lage  in  a small  pit  of  the  hinge.  White,  under  a very  thin, 
straw-colored  epidermis.  L.  5;  H.  4 ; W.  2J;  U.  f. — New  Eng- 
land. Rare. 

2.  Cryptodon,  Tur. 

Shell  globular,  with  a gonial  groove;  umbones  much  recurved  ; 
lunule  short  or  indistinct;  ligament  in  a groove;  no  cardinal  teeth. 

Animal  without  siphonal  tubes;  foot  long  and  very  slender. 

1.  Cryptodon  Gouldii , Phil.  Shell  orbicular-globose;  hind 
margin  indented  by  a groove  extending  from  the  umbones, 
which  are  small  and  projecting;  lunule  rounded;  hinge  almost 
toothless  ; surface  smooth.  Dead-white ; interior  glossy-white, 
with  minute,  radiating  lines.  L.  4 ; H.  5 ; W.  2} ; U.  — New 
England.  Rarely  thrown  on  the  beach. 

Family  13.  LUCINID/E. 

Shell  orbicular,  white;  umbones  depressed;  lunule  distinct; 
cardinal  teeth  about  two  in  each  valve;  ligament  in  a deep 
groove  or  almost  internal. 

1.  Lucina,  Brug. 

Shell  orbicular,  umbones  depressed ;.  lunule  distinct;  ligament 
oblique,  semi-internal. 

Animal  with  the  mantle  freely  open  below;  siphonal  openings 
simple  ; gills  single  on  each  side ; foot  cylindrical,  pointed. 

1.  Lucina  filosa,  Stim.  Shell  thick,  regularly  convex;  hinge 
line  straight ; umbones  small ; lunule  small,  lanceolate;  surface 
covered  with  numerous,  remote,  concentric,  laminated  ridges. 
Color  w^hite  or  light-brown ; interior  chalky-white  in  centre,  and 
polished  at  the  margin.  L.  35 ; H.  35;  W.  15 ; U.  about  central. 
— New  England.  Rare;  thrown. on  the  beach  by  storms. 

2.  Lucina  ( Divaricella ) dentata , Wood.  Shell  rather  thin,  or- 
bicular, regularly  convex ; hinge  line  slightly  curved ; lunule 
long,  lanceolate ; lines  of  growth  quite  distinct  and  crossed  by 
parallel  ridges  which  extend  obliquely  downward  toward  the 
ends  from  about  the  centre  of  the  shell ; these  ridges  form  about 
a right  angle  where  they  join  each  other,  and  give  the  shell  a 
dentate  edge.  White.  L.  22;  H.  20;  W.  12;  U.  — Cape  Cod 
and  south.  Dead  shells  common. 

Family  14.  CARDIID/E. 

Shell  regular,  equivalve,  free,  cordate,  covered  with  radiating 


Fam.  14.] 


NATUKAL  HISTOEY  SOCIETY. 


97 


ribs;  cardinal  teeth  two  in  each  valve;  ligament  external,  short 
and  prominent ; pallial  line  entire  or  with  a slight  sinus. 

Animal  with  usually  short-fringed  siphons;  gills  two  on  each 


side,  thick  ; foot  long,  curved. 

* Shell  with  distinct  radiating  ribs Cardium. 

* Without  prominent  radiating  lines Lioeardium. 


1.  Cardium,  L. 

Shell  wTith  prominent  radiating  ribs. 

Animal  with  the  siphons  clothed  with  tentacular  filaments ; 
incurrent  orifice  fringed,  excurrent  with  a tubular  valve;  foot 
long,  sickle-shaped. 

1.  Cardium  pinnulatum , Con.  Shell  small,  fragile,  nearly  or- 
bicular; umbones  small,  slightly  elevated ; surface  with  about  26 
rounded,  radiating  ribs  separated  by  deep,  linear  grooves ; ribs 
rendered  rough  by  equidistant,  arched  scales ; inside  with  radi- 
ating grooves.  Dingy  white ; interior  white  or  flesh  colored, 
sometimes  with  a posterior,  brownish  blotch.  L.  11;  FI.  10; 
W.  7J;  U.  y. — New  York  and  north. 

2.  Cardium  Islandicum,  L.  Shell  large,  rather  thin,  rounded 
ovate;  umbones  rather  large,  prominent,  approximate;  surface 
with  about  36,  three  sided,  sharp-edged,  radiating  ribs,  the  fur- 
rows rounded,  and  regularly  wrinkled  by  the  lines  of  growth ; 
inside  with  radiating  grooves.  Epidermis  of  live  shells  lax,  and 
bristling  into  a stiff  fringe  on  the  sharp  edges  of  the  ribs,  yellow- 
ish-brown color  ; straw  color  within,  somewhat  pearly.  L.  50 ; 
H.  42  ; W.  25 ; U.  J. — Cape  Cod  and  north.  Only  dead  shells 
rarely  thrown  upon  the  beach  from  deep  water. 

3.  Cardium  magnum , Born.  Shell  very  large,  obliquely  cordate, 
ventricose,  posterior  side  somewhat  angularly  depressed  ; surface 
with  about  35  flattened,  close  set,  radiating  ribs,  the  front  ones 
crenulated.  Yellowish-brown,  painted  with  transverse  rows  of 
purple-brown  spots,  the  depressed  posterior  area  entirely  purple 
brown.  L.  100;  H.  110;  W.  75;  U.  f ; An.  105°. — Virginia  and 
south. 

2.  Liocardium,  Sw, 

Shell  oval,  elongated,  oblique;  umbo  about  central;  surface 
smooth  or  lightly  radiately  striate. 

/ 1.  Liocardium  Mortoni,  Con.  Shell  thin,  inflated,  globular;  um- 

bones large  and  prominent;  surface  smooth,  glossy,  with  no  ribs, 


98 


JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


and  the  lines  of  growth  very  fine.  Color  very  pale  yellowish, 
covered  by  a thin,  darker  epidermis;  young  specimens  are 
covered  more  or  less  with  zigzag  blotches  of  fawn  color ; inside 
margin  white,  centre  bright  yellow  with  a dark,  purplish  blotch 
along  the  posterior  side.  L.  23 ; H.  23 ; W.  20 ; U.  nearly  cen- 
tral.— Whole  coast.  Most  abundant  on  shallow  flats,  and  at 
creek  mouths  ; rare  north  of  Cape  Cod. 

Family  15.  VENILIID/E. 

Shell  solid,  rounded,  closed ; epidermis  thick  and  dark ; liga- 
ment large  external ; cardinal  teeth  three  in  each  valve ; pallial 
line  almost  entire ; siphons  very  short ; foot  thick. 

1.  Cyprina,  Lam. 

Shell  oval,  large,  strong ; no  lunule ; no  pallial  sinus. 

1.  Cyprina  Islandica , L.  Shell  closed,  obliquely  ovate  or  heart- 
shaped,  tumid,  thick  and  solid ; umbones  approximate,  usually 
eroded ; epidermis  coarse  , strong  and  rough,  with  crowded  and 
loose  wrinkles;  inner  margin  without  crenulations.  Epidermis 
dark,  shining  brown  to  almost  black ; inside  chalky  white.  L„ 
80;  H,  75;  W.  45;  U. 

Animal  with  a plain  mantle  open  in  front  and  below. — New 
England.  Thrown  upon  the  beach,  after  storms. 

Family  16,  VENER1D/E. 

Shell  regular,  closed,  sub-orbicular  to  oblong;  ligament  ex- 
ternal ; hinge  with  usually  three  diverging  teeth  in  each  valve ; 
muscular  impressions  oval,  polished  ; pallial  line  with  a sinus. 

Animal  free,  locomotive,  rarely  byssiferous  or  burrowing; 
mantle  with  a rather  large  opening  for  the  foot ; siphons  un- 
equal, united  more  or  less ; foot  narrow,  compressed. 


* No  lunule;  size  minute,  under  6 long 2.  Gemma. 

* With  well  marked  lunule ; size  large,  over  25  long.  (A.) 

A.  Length  about  equal  to  height 4.  Dorsinia. 

A.  Length  plainly  greater  than  height.  (B.) 


B.  Inner  edge  not  crenulated  ; 4 cardinal  teeth  in  one  valve..3.  Cytherea. 
B.  Inner  edge  crenulated;  3 cardinal  teeth  in  each  valve.  (C.) 

C.  No  distinct,  radiating  lines;  pallial  sinus  not  extending  to  the 

middle 1.  Venus. 

1.  Venus,  L. 

Shell  thick,  ovate;  inner  edge  crenulated;  cardinal  teeth  3 in 
each  valve ; pallial  sinus  small,  angular ; ligament  prominent ; 


Fam.  16.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


99 


lunule  distinct.  Animal  with  fringed  mantle  margins ; unequal, 
somewhat  separated  siphons  with  fringed  orifices. 

J 1.  Venus  mercenaria,  L.  (Figs.  5-7.)  Hard  Shell  Clam.  Quahog. 
Round  Clam.  Shell  thick,  solid,  obliquely  ovate  or  heart-shaped; 
lunule  distinct,  heart-shaped ; umbones  directed  forward  and  in- 
ward ; teeth  three  in  each  valve ; surface  covered  with  numer- 
ous, laminated,  concentric  lines  or  ridges ; ligament  large ; pallial 
sinus  acute,  not  very  deep ; interior  margin  crenulated,  especially 
along  the  lower  and  front  edges.  Dirty  or  chalky  white ; within 
pure  white  with  some  bright  violet  near  the  distinct  muscular 
impressions.  L.  75;  H.  60;  W.  50  ; U.  — Whole  coast.  Com- 
mon, especially  south  of  Mass. 

2.  Gemma,  Desh. 

Shell  minute,  rounded,  smooth ; margin  crenulated ; hinge 
short,  narrow  ; cardinal  teeth  2-3. 

y/  1.  Gemma  purpurea,  H.  C.  Lea.  Amethystine  Gem.  Shell  mi- 
nute, nearly  round  ; umbones  slightly  elevated,  generally  eroded  ; 
no  defined  lunule;  muscular  impressions  and  pallial  line  distinct; 
the  pallial  sinus  ascending,  acute ; 3 cardinal  teeth  in  left  valve, 
2 in  the  right ; inner  margin  crenulated ; surface  shining,  with 
minute,  concentric,  crowded  furrows.  Yellowish,  white  or  rosy, 
with  the  umbones  and  posterior  end  usually  amethyst  color. 
L.  4;  H.  3^;  W.  2 ; U.  — Whole  coast.  Common  on  sandy 
tide  flats,  just  under  the  surface. 

Var  Manhattensis , Prime.  This  variety  is  smaller,  more  tri- 
angular, and  more  solid.  White,  straw-color  to  purplish.  L,  3; 
H.  3 ; W.  1J;  U.  — Mass,  and  south.  Rare. 

3.  Cytherea,  Lam. 

Shell  similar  to  Venus,  but  the  margins  are  not  crenulated 
and  the  cardinal  teeth  are  3 in  one  valve  and  4 in  the  other. 

1.  Cytherea  convexa , Say.  Very  similar  in  form  and  parts  to 
Venus  mercenaria,  but  smaller,  with  4 cardinal  teeth  in  the  right 
valve,  no  purple  inside,  and  the  edge  not  crenulated.  L.  43 ; 
H.  35  ; W.  24 ; U.  — Whole  coast.  Rather  rare. 

4.  Dosinia,  Scop. 

Shell  orbicular,  compressed,  concentrically  striated,  pale ; liga- 
ment sunk ; lunule  deep  ; hinge  with  3-4  teeth. 

Animal  with  a hatchet-shaped  foot  projecting  from  the  lower 
side  of  the  shell;  siphons  united  to  their  ends. 


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1.  Dosinia  discus,  Reeve.  Shell  nearly  round,  compressed,  with 
five,  regular,  -impressed,  concentric  lines;  umbones  quite  sharply 
pointed;  lunule  cordate,  slightly  impressed  ; hinge  with  a large 
oblong  groove  under  the  umbones;  muscular  impressions  very 
large ; pallial  sinus  deep,  ascending.  Epidermis  yellowish-white 
L.  66;  H.  61 : W.  22;  U.  nearly  J.— Virginia  and  south. 

Family  17.  PETRiCOLID/E. 

Represented  only  by  the  genus 

1.  Petricola,  Lam. 

Shell  oval  or  elongated,  thin,  tumid;  umbones  near  anterior 
end;  hinge  with  2 or  3 teeth  in  each  valve;  pallial  sinus  deep 

1.  Petricola  pholad  if  or  mis,  Lam.  (Fig.  15.)  Shell  oblong-ellip- 
tical,  swollen,  gaping,  with  a distinct,  ovate  lunule  on  the  short 
(anterior)  end,  and  a moderate,  projecting,  external  ligament  on 
the  long  end;  hinge  with  two  teeth  in  each  valve;  pallial  sinus 
deep,  horizontal ; surface  covered  with  elevated,  radiating  lines 
7 or  8 of  the  front  ones  are  distant,  coarse,  and  toothed  • back  of 
these,  they  are  much  closer,  finer,  and  but  slightly  roughened  by 
the  distinct  lines  of  growth ; interior  with  radiating  furrows 
Chalky  white.  I,  32  ; H.  14 ; W.  11 ; U.  i,  often  larger. 

Animal  with  mantle  united  except  for  the  siphons  and  foot  • 
siphons  long,  slender,  separated,  except  at  base,  the  lower  one 
fringed;  foot  triangular,  long  and  narrow.— Common  south  of 
Cape  Cod,  rare  north.  Boring  in  clay. 


Family  18.  DONACID/E. 

Shell  closed,  triangular-wedge-shaped,  usually  thick;  liga- 
ment short  external;  cardinal  teeth  two  in  each  valve;  pallial 
sinus  deep,  horizontal.  Animal  with  fringed  mantle  and  short 
separated  siphons. 

1.  Donax,  L. 

Shell  trigonal,  wedge  shaped,  closed;  front  rounded  back 
pointed ; ligament  external ; pallial  sinus  deep. 

Animal  with  fringed  mantle  and  short,  thick,  diverfon-  si- 
phon ; foot  very  large. 

1.  Donax  fossor,  Say.  (Figs.  12-14.)  Shell  triangular  wed-e- 
shaped,  closed ; anterior  end  elongated,  rounded ; the  hinge  slope 
straight  to  the  tip  ; posterior  end  obliquely  rounded,  very  short, 
external  ligament  very  short,  prominent,  on  the  shorter  end  of 


Fam.  20.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


101 


the  shell;  ventral  margin  slightly  rounded;  basal  edge  crenulated 
within ; pallial  sinus  deep  ; surface  with  radiating  and  concentric 
striae.  Pale,  livid,  with  or  without  obscure  rays.  L.  12  ; H.  7 ; 
W.  4 ; U.  f ; An,  135°. — New  York  and  New  Jersey.  Abundant. 

Family  19,  PSAMMOBIID/E, 

Shell  elongated,  gaping,  with  nearly  central  umbones ; pallial 
sinus  deep  ; cardinal  teeth  two  in  each  valve ; ligament  long  and 
prominent. 

1.  Tagelus,  Gray. 

Shell  elongated,  with  subcentral  umbones ; margins  nearly 
parallel ; ends  truncated ; external  ligament  prominent ; two  car- 
dinal teeth  in  each  valve;  pallial  sinus  very  deep,  rounded. 

Animal  very  large  and  thick,  not  entirely  retractile  within  the 
shell ; mantle  closed  below  ; siphons  separated  at  the  ends,  united 
and  forming  a thick  mass  at  their  bases ; incurrent  orifice  fringed, 
excurrent  plain. 

1.  Tagelus  gibbus,  Speng,  Shell  thick  and  solid,  oblong,  the 
external  ligament  on  the  shorter  (posterior)  end  of  the  shell;  the 
anterior  end  wider ; ends  somewhat  obliquely  truncated ; pallial 
line  distinct,  with  a very  deep  sinus ; valves  with  two  awl-shaped 
teeth,  and,  ^behind  them,  a thick  rounded  callus  to  which  the 
ligament  is  fixed ; lines  of  growth  distinct.  Epidermis  wrinkled, 
straw-colored.  L.  90 ; H.  30 ; W.  20 ; U.  — Cape  Cod  and  south. 
Common  in  sand  or  mud,  at  about  low  water  mark. 

2.  Tagelus  divisus , Speng.  Shell  rather  thin  and  delicate, 
oblong-oval,  the  centre  curved  upward ; umbones  not  promi- 
nent, central ; hinge  with  two  large  teeth  in  each  valve ; surface 
somewhat  wrinkled  at  the  ends,  smooth  in  the  centre.  Epider- 
mis yellowish,  with  a purple  band  extending  from  umbo  to  base. 
L.  35 ; H.  12  ; W.  9 ; U.  4. — Cape  Cod  and  south.  Rather  com- 
mon. 

Family  20.  TELLINID/E. 

Shell  elongated,  nearly  or  entirely  equivalve,  with  one  or  two 
cardinal  teeth  in  each  valve ; pallial  sinus  deep  and  usually  wide  ; 


ligament  external,  prominent. 

* Compressed  shells,  width  about  one  third  height 1.  Tellina. 

* Convex  shells,  width  about  half  height.  (A.) 

A.  Large  shells,  over  12  long 2.  Macoma. 

A.  Minute,  under  6 long 3.  Gastranella. 


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1.  Tellina,  L. 

Shell  slightly  inequivalve,  compressed,  rounded  in  front,  angu- 
lar and  slightly  folded  behind ; umbones  nearly  central ; liga- 
ment prominent. 

Animal  with  long,  slender,  diverging  siphons,  their  orifices  plain. 

1.  Tellina  tenera,  Say.  Shell  oblong,  sub-oval,  longer  and  round- 
ed in  front,  somewhat  pointed  behind,  thin,  pellucid,  delicate ; sur- 
face regularly  and  delicately  marked  by  sharp  lines  of  growth ; 
pallial  sinus  nearly  reaching  the  anterior  muscular  impression  ; 
one  distinct,  grooved,  cardinal  tooth  in  each  valve,  the  second 
indistinct ; ligament  short.  Color  white,  or  slightly  tinged  with 
rose-color,  sometimes  concentrically  banded,  polished  and  irides- 
cent. L.  14;  H.  9;  W.  3;  U.  f;  An.  130°. — Whole  coast. 
Abundant  on  sandy  beaches. 

2.  Tellina  tenella , Verrill.  Shell  oblong  with  the  front  dorsal 
margin  nearly  straight  or  sometimes  concave ; umbones  scarcely 
prominent ; posterior  end  short,  sloping  rapidly  from  the  um- 
bones and  somewhat  truncate  at  the  end ; ventral  margin  slightly 
convex ; ligament  longer  than  in  the  preceding  species ; color 
pink,  light  straw-color,  or  white  often  banded  concentrically  with 
these  colors  and  rendered  somewhat  iridescent  with  very  fine 
concentric  striae.  L.  14 ; H.  9 ; W.  3 ; U.  § ; An.  140°.  Cape 
Cod  and  south  in  4-10  fathoms. 

2.  Macoma,  Leach. 

Shell  oval,  convex,  umbones  small;  cardinal  teeth  narrow, 
two  in  each  valve ; lateral  teeth  none. 

Animal  with  a single  branchial  lamella  on  each  side. 

1.  Macoma  tenta , Say.  Shell  oval-ovate,  shorter,  narrower, 
widely  gaping  and  very  much  warped  behind ; valves  very  con- 
vex, the  left  one  more  so  and  with  its  posterior  end  bent  outward ; 
outer  surface  shining  but  not  polished,  minutely  wrinkled  by 
lines  of  growth  and  a few,  fine,  radiating  lines  across  the  middle  ; 
two  cardinal  teeth  in  right  valve,  and  one  in  the  left ; ligament 
short ; muscular  and  pallial  impressions  distinct.  White.  L,  15; 
H.  10;  W.  5;  U.  less  than  f ; An.  150°. — Cape  Cod  and  south. 
Common  in  mud. 

2.  Macoma  baltica , L.  Shell  thin,  fragile,  oval-orbicular,  slightly 
narrowed  and  pointed  behind ; cardinal  teeth,  two  in  each  valve, 
slender  and  slightly  diverging ; muscular  impressions  distinct; 


Fam.  21.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


103 


pallial  sinus  deep ; surface  with  fine,  concentric  wrinkles ; a slight, 
wave-like  gonial  ridge.  White,  covered  with  whitish  or  dusky 
epidermis.  Very  variable  in  size,  solidity  and  color.  In  muddy 
bays,  they  grow  to  a large  size,  are  thick  and  bluish,  and  have  a 
thick  epidermis ; in  clear,  sandy  localities,  they  are  delicate,  thin, 
pure  white  to  pink.  L.  23  ; H.  18 ; W.  9 ; U.  \ — Whole  coast. 
Abundant. 

3.  Macoma  subulosa , Speng.  Shell  subovate,  thin,  brittle, 
slightly  gaping ; anterior  end  longer  and  well  rounded ; posterior 
end  wedge-formed,  with  a somewhat  truncate  end ; gonial  ridge 
a roughened  wave ; pallial  sinus  reaching  nearly  to  the  anterior 
muscular  impression ; surface  undulated  by  the  lines  of  growth. 
Epidermis  thin,  dirty  white  to  dusky;  interior,  bluish  white. 
L.  23;  H.  15;  W.  6;  U.  f ; An.  140°. — Conn,  and  north. 

3.  Gastranella,  Verrill. 

Shell  oblong,  more  or  less  irregular,  and  sometimes  with  the 
ventral  margin  indexed  ; pallial  sinus  large ; ligament  external, 
elongated ; right  valve  with  two  small  cardinal  teeth,  the  pos- 
terior one  thin  and  oblique ; left  valve  also  with  two,  the  posterior 
one  stout,  bilobed;  no  distinct  lateral  teeth.  Animal  with  long, 
slender,  fringed,  separated  siphon  tubes;  mantle  wrell  open  in 
front;  foot  strap  shaped. 

1.  Gastranella  tumida , Verrill.  Shell  elongated-oval  or  oblong 
with  rounded  ends,  compressed  posteriorly ; umbones  rounded, 
somewhat  prominent,  incurved  but  not  approximate,  directed 
forward;  no  distinct  lunule,  but  deeply  concave  in  front  of  um- 
bones; ventral  margin  variable,  slightly  convex,  straight  or 
sometimes  even  concave ; posterior  end  usually  rounded  some- 
times decidedly  prolonged ; surface  marked  with  fine,  irregular 
lines  of  growth  or  striae,  slightly  iridescent.  White  with  purple 
umbones.  L.  4;  H.  2J;  W.  1J;  U. 

Family  21.  SEM  ELI  D/E- 

Shell  thin,  subequivalve,  gaping  and  usually  twisted  at  the 
posterior  end  ; with  both  a short  external  ligament  and  an  inter- 
nal cartilage.  Siphons  long,  separated. 


* Elongated  shells 1.  Cumingia. 

* Length  and  height  nearly  equal ..2.  Semele. 


1.  Cumingia,  G.  B.  Sowb. 

Shell  oval,  equivalve,  rounded  in  front,  somewhat  rostrated 


104 


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and  gaping  behind;  small,  thin,  often  irregular  in  form;  pallial 
sinus  very  wide, 

1.  Cumingia  tellinoides , Con.  Shell  equi valve,  ovate-triangular, 
rounded  and  tumid  in  front,  pointed,  compressed,  warped  and 
slightly  gaping  behind ; thin  and  fragile;  stages  of  growth  marked 
by  sharp,  thin,  raised  ridges ; cartilage  pit  shallow  and  directed 
slightly  backward ; lateral  teeth  at  both  ends  in  the  right  valve, 
none  in  the  left ; muscular  impressions  faint ; pallial  sinus  wide 
and  deep.  Bluish  white,  glossy  white  within.  L.  15;  H.  11; 
W.  5 ; U.  J ; An.  120.° — Cape  Cod  and  south.  Common  in  shal- 
low water. 

2.  Semele,  Schum. 

Shell  rounded,  subequilateral,  umbones  turned  forward ; pos- 
terior side  slightly  folded ; hinge  teeth  two  in  each  valve,  laterals 
elongated,  distinct  in  right  valve ; external  ligament  short,  inter- 
nal cartilage  long,  oblique ; pallial  sinus  deep,  rounded. 

1.  Semele  reticulata , Gmel.  Shell  orbicular,  somewhat  compres- 
sed; umbones  nearly  central,  slightly  prominent;  lunule  small; 
valves  sculptured  with  fine  thread-like  concentric  ridges  the 
spaces  between  them  are  (under  a lens)  finely  radiately  striated ; 
interior  cartilage  cavity  deep,  fusiform,  parallel  with  the  anterior 
slope.  Yellowish-white.  L.  30  ; H.  30;  W.  11  ; U.  J.  Virginia 
and  south. 

Family  22.  PAPHI1D/E. 

Shell  elongated,  usually  somewhat  triangular,  equivalve,  closed; 
cartilage  in  an  internal  cardinal  pit.  Siphons  separated. 

1.  Ceronia,  Gray. 

Shell  oval-wedge-form,  truncated  behind;  lateral  teeth  coarsely, 
obliquely  striate. 

1.  Ceronia  arctata}  Con.  Shell  subtriangular,  wedge-shaped, 
thick  and  strong,  the  posterior  part  short,  truncated,  forming  the 
base  of  the  wedge,  closed ; hinge  with  a very  deep  cavity  for  the 
cartilage;  surface  with  occasional,  concentric  ridges;  muscular 
impressions  distinct ; pallial  sinus  about  the  size  of  the  posterior 
impression.  Covered  with  a golden  yellow  epidermis  reflecting 
a metallic  lustre.  L.  35;  H.  25;  W.  14;  U.  f;  An.  115°. — New 
York  and  north.  Common. 

Family  23.  SOLENID/E. 

Shell  elongated,  gaping  at  both  ends ; ligament  external ; car- 


Pam.  24.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


105 


dinal  teeth  usually  two  to  three  in  each  valve.  Animal  with  a 
very  large  and  powerful  foot ; siphons  short  and  united ; gills 


narrow. 

* Very  elongated  shells,  over  4 times  as  long  as  high 1.  Ensis. 

* Not  4 times  as  long  as  high 2.  Siliqua. 

1.  Ensis,  Schum. 


Shell  very  long,  subcylindrical,  straight  or  slightly  curved,  mar- 
gins parallel;  ends  gaping;  umbones  nearly  terminal;  hinge  teeth 
one  in  each  valve ; ligament  long,  external ; pallial  sinus  short 
and  square. 

1.  Ensis  viridis,  Say.  Shell  smooth,  5 times  as  long  as  high  ; 
hinge  margin  nearly  straight ; basal  margin  slightly  curved ; an- 
terior end  somewhat  truncate,  posterior  rounded ; hinge  with 
one  tooth  in  each  valve.  Epidermis  light  green,  glossy.  L.  50  ; 
H.  10;  W.  6;  U.  TV- — New  Jersey  and  south. 

2.  Ensis  Americanus,  Gld.  Shell  smooth,  6 times  as  long  as 
high ; edges  parallel  and  curved  downward ; both  ends  some- 
what truncate;  right  valve  with  one  projecting  cross  tooth *at 
anterior  end,  and  a longitudinal,  ridge-like  tooth  extending  10 
mm.  towards  the  other  end ; left  valve  with  two  cross  teeth  10 
mm.apart,  and  a double  ridge  between  them.  Epidermis  glossy 
greenish-olive,  the  long  triangular  space  faded  purple.  L.  150  • 
H.  25;  W.  16;  U.  A. — Whole  coast.  Common,  near  low  water 
mark,  in  sand. 

2.  Siliqua,  Mege. 

Shell  oblong,  smooth,  with  a polished  epidermis,  and  a rib 
extending  from  the  umbo  across  the  shell  on  the  interior  surface. 

1.  Siliqua  costata,  Say.  Shell  thin,  fragile,  smooth,  oblong-oval, 
with  a rib-like,,  white  ridge,  extending  from  the  umbo  nearly 
across  the  inside  of  the  shell.  Epidermis  polished,  violaceous 
near  the  umbones,  shading  into  olive  at  the  margins;  the  violet 
more  or  less  in  triangular  areas.  L.  45 ; H.  18 ; W.  7 ; U.  — 
New  Jersey  and  north.  Common  in  many  localities. 

Family  24.  MACTRID/E, 

Shell  equivalve,  trigonal,  closed  or  slightly  gaping,  with  an 
internal  cartilage  contained  in  a deep,  triangular  pit ; two  diverg- 
ing cardinal  teeth  ; pallial  sinus  usually  short,  rounded. 

Animal  with  mantle  quite  widely  open ; siphonal  tubes  joined 
and  with  fringed  openings. 


106 


JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


* But  slightly  gaping  ; shell  quite  thick 1.  Maetra. 

* Very  decidedly  gaping;  shell  quite  thin  and  fragile 2.  Labiosa. 

1.  Mactra,  L. 


Shell  elongated,  slightly  gaping  at  the  ends. 

Animal  with  a fringed  mantle  open  to  the  siphons ; foot  with 
a bend  like  a knee. 


* Over  50  long., 1. 

* Under  20  long 2. 


v 1.  Mactra  soliclissima , Dillw.  (Fig.  8.)  Shell  large,  solid,  sub- 
ovate  to  subtriangular ; spoon  shaped  cavity  for  the  cartilage 
very  large  and  broad;  muscular  and  pallial  impressions  very 
distinct ; pallial  sinus  quite  shallow  ; lateral  teeth  long,  thin,  and 
striated.  Epidermis  dirty  brown.  L.  110  ; H.  75  ; W.  45  ; U.  f 
An.  115°.  Shell  sometimes  much  larger  at  the  north.  The 
southern  and  small  form  is  var,  similis,  Say.- — Whole  coast. 
Common.  This  is  the  Beech,  Giant  or  Dipper  clam. 

2.  Mactra  lateralis , Say.  Shell  triangular  to  quadrilateral,  the 
umbo  and  the  posterior  point  making  the  most  distinct  angles 
of  the  outline ; cartilage  pits  small  and  deep ; muscular  impres- 
sions deep ; pallial  line  distinct,  with  a shallow  sinus ; surface 
with  minute  concentric  wrinkles,  otherwise  Smooth  and  shining. 
White,  covered  with  a thin,  dirty  brown  epidermis : inside  clear, 
glossy  white.  L.  *15;  H.  12  ; W.  10;  U.  An.  120°. — Massa- 
chusetts and  south.  Common. 

2.  Labiosa,  Schm. 

Shell  oblong,  widely  gaping,  reflected  posteriorly,  and  with 
a distinct  gonial  ridge ; internal  cartilage  and  external  ligament 
somewhat  united. 

1.  Labiosa  canaliculata , Say.  Shell  ovate-orbicular,  very  thin 
and  fragile,  inflated ; anterior  end  rounded,  posterior  somewhat 
pointed ; surface  covered  with  regular,  rounded,  concentric  ridges 
and  grooves,  which  show  also  on  the  inside;  decidedly  gaping 
behind ; cartilage  in  pits  and  connected  with  a subexternal  liga- 
ment. White.  L.  65-75;  H.  55;  W.  36;  U.  *. — New  Jersey 
and  south. 

2.  Labiosa  lineata , Say.  Shell  oval,  thin,  with  both  ends  gap- 
ing, the  posterior  end  widely  so  ; gonial  ridge  keel  like ; surface 
unequally  and  very  slightly  wrinkled.  White.  L.  72;  H.  50; 
W.  28;  U.  §. — New  Jersey  and  south. 


Fam.  26.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


107 


Order  ANOMALODESMACEA. 

Hinge  imperfect,  often  without  teeth,  ligament,  or  cartilage, 
frequently  strengthened  by  extra  valves  ; substance  of  shell  often 
hard  and  brittle ; sometimes  with  pearly  layers. 

Family  25,  ANATiNID/E, 

Shell  oval  to  oblong,  more  or  less  inequivalve,  closed  or  gap- 
ing slightly  at  one  end ; both  external  ligament  and  internal 


cartilage ; pallial  line  obscure. 

* Ends  of  shell  quite  different;  2 gonial  ridges 1.  Thraeia. 

* Ends  much  alike;  no  distinct  gonial  ridges. 2.  Periploma. 


1.  Thracia,  Blainv. 

Shell  inequivalve,  gaping  at  the  narrow  posterior  end. 

Animal  siphons  rather  long,  with  separated,  fringed  orifices. 

1.  Thracia  Conradi , Cout.  Shell  ovate-orbicular,  rounded  be- 
fore, narrowed  and  truncated  behind,  thin,  fragile  and  slightly 
gaping ; right  valve  larger  and  much  more  convex  than  the  left ; 
two  gonial  wave-like  ridges  extend  to  the  sides  of  the  truncated 
end;  ligament  large,  rounded;  pallial  impressions  broad  and 
deep;  sinus  acute.  Exterior  ashy,  interior  chalky-white,  pearly 
between  ; epidermis,  when  seen,  brownish.  L.  75;  H.  65  ; W.  38  ; 
U.  sometimes  larger. — New  England.  Rare. 

2.  Periploma,  Schum.. 

Shell  oval,  very  inequivalve,  slightly  pearly ; internal  cartilage 
in  spoon-shaped  pits. 

Animal  siphons  long,  slender  and  divided  throughout. 

1.  Periploma  ( Cochlodesma ) Lcanum , Con.  Shell  sub-oval,  very 
thin,  brittle  and  slightly  gaping;  the  right  valve  convex  and 
somewhat  truncated  behind ; the  left  valve  nearty  flat  and 
rounded  at  both  ends ; a spoon-shaped  process  extends  down- 
ward and  a little  backward  from  the  umbo  in  each  valve  for  in- 
ternal cartilage;  surface  wrinkled.  White,  with  a thin  yellowish 
epidermis.  L.  35;  H.  24;  W.  11;  U.  J. — Whole  coast.  Com- 
mon in  3-10  fathoms ; dead  shells  thrown  upon  the  beach  by 
storms. 

Family  26,  LY0NSI1D/E. 

Shell  nearly  equivalve,  left  valve  the  larger,  thin,  nearly  or 
quite  closed;  pallial  line  obscure,  the  sinus  angular. 


JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


108 

1.  Lyonsia,  Tur. 

Shell  nearly  equi.valve,  thin,  somewhat  pearly,  truncated  pos- 
teriorly ; pallial  line  not  distinct. 

Animal  siphons  very  short,  almost  wholly  united,  fringed. 

1.  Lyonsia  hyalina , Con.  Shell  elongated,  sub-ovate,  thin,  frag- 
ile, pearly,  translucent,  with  posterior  end  elongated,  narrow,, 
slightly  truncated  and  gaping;  hinge  margin  nearly  straight, 
the  rest  of  the  outline  regularly  rounded ; pallial  line  indistinct, 
with  no  well  marked  sinus ; whole  surface  except  umbones 
covered  with  delicate,  radiating,  fringed  wrinkles.  Epidermis 
dirty-white.  L.  18;*  H.  10;  W.  7f ; U.  J.  Whole  coast.  Low 
water  to  40  fathoms ; thrown  on  the  beach  by  storms. 

Family  27.  PAND0R1D/E. 

Shell  inequivalve,  thin,  pearly  inside ; valves  closed,  narrowed 
behind.  , 

1.  Pandora,  Plwass. 

Shell  inequivalve,  thin,  pearly  inside;  right  valve  flat,  left 
not  very  convex. 

Animal  siphons  very  short,  united  nearly  throughout ; orifices 
fringed. 

1.  Pandora  ( Clidiophora ) trilineata , Say.  Shell  oblong-ovate, 
r.ounded  before,  and  with  an  upward  curved,  narrow,  truncated 
^°^imSe  behind ; the  hinge  margin,  for  nearly  the  length  of  the 
shell,  straight  or  concave;  right  valve  nearly  flat,  the  left  con- 
vex ; the  edge  of  the  flattened  valve  shutting  over  the  convex 

P O 'KIH.V'S 

one;  slightly  gaping  at  the1  umbo.  Pearly-white  within,  irides- 
cent. L.  30;  H.  16;  W.  4J;  U.  about  Animal  with  slender 
foot  and  short  siphons  projecting  through  small  openings  in  the 
otherwise  closed  mantle. — Whole  coast.  In  sand  and  mud. 

Family  28.  S0LEN0MYID/E, 

Represented  only  by  the  genus:- — 

1.  Solenomya,  Lam. 

Shell  thin,  cylindrical,  gaping  at  each  end ; epidermis  thick, 
horny,  shining,  extending  far  beyond  the  margins, cartilage  in- 
ternal with  a peculiar  arched  or  forked  support;  no  cardinal 
teeth. 

Animal  with  a single  siphonal  orifice,  hour-glass-shaped  and 
serrated  ; foot  proboscis  form,  truncated  and  fringed  at  the  end. 


!Fam.  30.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


100 


The  foot  is  used,  in  a curious  and  beautiful  way,  fur  leaping  and 
swimming  backward  and  forward  through  the  water  without 
touching  bottom ; it  is  also  used  for  burrowing.  Usually  found 
buried  in  mud  or  sand  near  low  water  mark ; more  abundant 
in  bays. 

1.  Solenomya  velum , Say.  Shell  very  thin  and  fragile,  oblong, 
ends  rounded,  the  front  end  longer  and  wider;  umbones  not 
elevated  at  all,  but  having  a pit  behind  them ; surface  radiated, 
with  about  15,  slightly  impressed,  double  lines;  epidermis  ex- 
tends about  2 mm.  beyond  the  edge,  and  is  thinned  or  notched 
at  the  radiations.  Epidermis  yellowish-brown  or  chestnut  color, 
the  radiating  lines  lighter  ; interior  of  shell  bluish-white.  Size, 
including  epidermis,  L.  25;  H.  12  ; W.  8;  U.  f. — Whole  coast. 
Not  rare. 

2.  Solenomya  borealis , Tot.  Similar  to  the  last  but  larger, 
thicker  and  with  the  epidermis  more  projecting,  more  decidedly 
notched  and  darker  in  color.  L.  50;  H.  22;  W.  14;  U.  f. — - 
Whole  coast.  Rare. 

Family  29,  CORBULID/E. 

Shell  small,  inequivalve,  thick,  gaping  in  front  ; hinge  consist- 
ing of  one  recurved  tooth  in  one  valve,  fitting  into  a notch  in 
the  other.  Animal  with  mantle  closed  except  in  front,  the 
narrow  opening  notched ; siphons  short,  united,  fringed.  Liv- 
ing in  sand  or  mud, 

1.  Corbula,  Brug. 

Shell  small,  inequivalve,  thick;  umbones  nearly  central; 
about  one  tooth  in  each  valve  and  an  internal  cartilage  between 
them.  Animal  with  short,  united  siphons ; orifices  fringed  ; foot 
thick. 

1.  Corbula  eontracta , Say.  Shell  small,  ovate-globose,  solid; 
anterior  end  shorter,  broader,  rounded  and  gaping;  posterior 
somewhat  pointed  ; left  valve  shutting  within  the  edge  of  the 
right  at  the  bottom  ; gonial  ridge  distinct ; one  cardinal  tooth  in 
each  valve  and  the  cartilage  between  them ; surface  beautifully 
marked  with  regular,  smooth,  rounded,  concentric  ridges.  Shell 
white,  epidermis  brown.  L.  10  ; H.  6 ; W.  5 ; U.  a little  nearer 
anterior  end. — Cape  Cod  and  south. 

Family  30  MYID/E. 

Shell  rather  strong,  opaque  and  gaping ; left  valve  with  a spa- 


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tulate  process  for  a cartilage.  Animal  with  the  mantle  almost 
closed,  aperture  and  foot  small ; siphons  united,  partly  or  wholly 
retractile ; gills  elongated,  two  on  each  side. 

1.  Mya,  L. 


Shell  oblong,  gaping  widely  at  the  ends,  left  valve  with  a large, 
projecting,  flattened  cartilage  process ; pallial  sinus  large. 

Animal  with  a slender,  straight  foot;  siphons  long,  united 
to  the  tips,  covered  with  epidermis,  only  partially  retractile. 

1.  Mya  arenaria , L.  (Figs.  9-11).  Shell  ovate,  anterior  end 
wider  and  regularly  rounded,  posterior  end  also  rounded;  sur- 
face roughly  wrinkled  at  the  lines  of  growth  ; epidermis  thin ; 
cartilage  internal,  between  a pit  under  the  umbo  of  the  right 
valve  and  the  large  projecting  process  from  the  left.  Chalky- 
white;  epidermis  dirty-yellow.  Common  size. — L.  85  ; H.  45  ; 
W.  25 ; U.  slightly  nearer  anterior  end. — Whole  coast.  Abun- 
dant in  sand  and  gravel,  between  tides; — the  Clam  of  New 
England. 


2.  Mya  truncata , L.  Similar  to  the  last  except  in  shape  and 
epidermis ; this  shell  being  obliquely  or  squarely  truncated  at 
the  posterior  end  which  is  widely  gaping,  and  the  epidermis  is 
thick,  tough  and  prolonged  beyond  the  posterior  end  into  a tube 
two  or  three  times  as  long  as  the  shell.  L.  70;  H.  40;  W.  30 ; 
U.  nearer  the  posterior  end. — Cape  Cod  and  north.  Rare. 

Family  31.  SAXICAVID/E. 

Shell  equivalve,  thick,  gaping  at  both  ends;  hinge  with  a 
single  cardinal  tooth  ; ligament  external,  prominent,  solid;  pal- 
lial impression  sinuous.  Animal  elongated;  mantle  lobes  united, 
with  a small  opening  for  the  slender  foot ; siphons  large,  entirely 
united  or  very  nearly  so,  and  covered  with  a thick  skin. — Living- 
in  sand  or  mud. 


* External  ligament  on  tlie  longer  end  of  shell 1.  Saxieava. 

* External  ligament  on  the  shorter  end 2.  Cyrtodaria. 


1.  Saxicava,  Belv. 

Shell,  when  young,  symmetrical,  with  two  minute  teeth  in 
each  valve;  when  old,  it  is  rough  and  toothless;  oblong,  equi- 
valve, gaping,  with  an  external  ligament;  pallial  impression  a 
series  of  elongated  pits. 

1.  Saxicava  arctica , L.  Shell  irregularly  oblong-oval,  the  right 


Fain.  32.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


Ill 


valve  projecting  over  the  left,  except  at  the  shorter  end  ; gener- 
ally gaping ; umbones  rather  prominent ; gonial  and  podia] 
ridges  broad  and  wavelike,  dividing  the  surface  into  three,  tri- 
angular, concave  portions  ; surface  coarsely  wrinkled.  Epider- 
mis thin,  dingy-yellow.  This  species  is  so  variable  in  form  that 
no  general  description  can  be  given.  It  has  received,  at  least, 
five  generic  and  fifteen  specific  names.  Common  size,  L.  25 ; 
H.  15  ; W.  10,  U.  J-.  Sometimes  60  long.  Foot  of  animal 
very  slender,  and  bright  orange-red,— Whole  coast.  Common, 
-especially  north  of  Cape  Cod,  from  low  water  downward,  on 
weeds  and  timbers,  and  in  sand,  mud  and  soft  stone. 

2.  Cyrtodaria,  Baud. 

Shell  oblong;  umbones  back  of  centre;  ligament  large,  on  the 
shorter  end  ; hinge  thick,  without  teeth. 

Animal  very  large;  mantle  closed;  siphons  united  in  one 
thick  envelope. 

1.  Cyrtodaria  siliqua , Chern.  Shell  oblong-oval,  solid,  widely 
gaping  at  both  ends,  without  cardinal  teeth  ; umbones  not  promi- 
nent, eroded  ; ligament  large  on  the  shorter  end ; interior  covered 
with  a thick  deposit  of  shelly  substance  with  a fringed  edge. 
Epidermis  thick,  black,  shining.  L.  85  ; H.  35  ; W.  25;  U.  f.— 
Mass  and  north.  Rare. 

Family  32.  PHOLADlD/E, 

Shell  thin,  white,  brittle,  hard  and  gaping  at  both  ends;  armed 
in  front  wdth  rasp-like  folds;  without  hinge  or  ligament  but 
often  furnished  with  extra  valves  ; hinge  plate  reflected  over  the 
umbones ; pallial  sinus  very  deep.  Animal  club-shaped ; foot 
short  and  truncated ; mantle  closed  in  front  except  for  the  foot ; 
siphons  large  and  united  nearly  to  the  ends,  which  are  fringed. 
Living  in  rocks,  wood  or  clay. 

* Small  shells,  25  or  less  long 3.  Martesia. 

* Large  shells,  40  or  more  long ; surface  covered  by  rough,  radiating  ridges, 
at  least  on  anterior  end.  (A.) 

A.  Two  or  more  times  as  long  as  high ; umbones  connected  by  a broad, 

reflected  hinge  plate ....... 1.  Pholas. 

A.  Not  quite  twice  as  long  as  high ; hinge  plate  only  slightly  reflected... 

2.  Zirphcea. 


1.  Pholas,  L. 

Shell  elongated,  cylindrical ; dorsal  or  hinge  margin  protected 


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by  two  extra  valves,  one  placed  in  front  of  the  other;  the  hinge 
plate  broadly  reflected  over  the  umbones  and  a longrfree,  rib- 
like projection  under  them;  pallial  sinus  reaching  the. centre  of 
the  shell.  Animal  with  a large,  truncated  foot,  filling  the  pedal 
opening ; combined  siphons  large,  cylindrical,  with  fringed  open- 
ings. 

1.  Pholas  ( Barnea ) costata , L.  (Figs.  16,  17).  Shell  large, 
oblong-ovate,  anterior  end  broader,  covered  with  about  30  radi- 
ating, toothed  ribs;  extra  hinge  pieces  cartilaginous.  L.  150; 
H.  50;  W.  50;  U.  ^from  anterior  end.  Animal  straw-colored, 
the  tip  of  the  siphons  beautifully  stippled  with  mahogany- 
brown  ; it  burrows  several  feet  deep,  and  so  is  difficult  to  obtain 
alive.  Dead  and  separated  valves  are  frequently  found. — Mass, 
and  south. 

2.  Pholas  ( Barnea ) truncata , Say.  Shell  oblong  or  somewhat 
five  sided,  the  anterior  end  being  triangular  and  sharp  pointed, 
the  posterior  broadly  truncate ; the  surface  covered  with  coarse 
lines  of  growth,  and  the  anterior  two  thirds  with  rough,  radiat- 
ing riblets  formed  of  toothed  projections;  extra  hinge  pieces 
shelly.  L.  75  ; H.  35  ; M.  30 ; U.  J.  Animal  dark,  smoky  color. 
Mass,  and  south. 

2.  ZiRPHiEA,  Leach. 

Shell  oval,  cardinal  margin  slightly  reflected ; no  extra  valves, 
but  a membrane  in  their  place. 

1.  Zirphsea  crispata , L.  Shell  quite  thick  and  strong,  oval- 
oblong,  rounded  behind,  somewhat  triangular  but  not  acutely 
pointed  in  front,  gaping  widely  in  front ; surface  nearly  equally 
divided  by  a broad  furrow  extending  from  umbo  to  base,  the 
front  portion  covered  with  rough,  radiating  ribs  ; hinge  margin 
only  slightly  reflected,  and  a protecting  membrane  instead  of 
extra  valves.  L.  60 ; H.  35 ; W.  34 ; U.  nearly  Frequently 
larger,  sometimes  over  100  long. — Whole  coast. 

3.  Martesia,  Leach. 

Valves  lengthened  behind,  when  full  grown,  by  a plain  border ; 
umbonal  valves  one  or  two;  surface  with  one  or  more. furrows. 

1.  Martesia  cuneiformis,  Say.  Shell  somewhat  wedge-shaped; 
posterior  end  about  \ the  width  of  the  anterior  end  and  rounded  ; 
anterior  end  somewhat  truncated ; a deep  furrow  extends  across 


Fam.  33.]  -NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY.  113 

the  shell  from  umbo  to  base ; posterior  end  widely,  the  other 
slightly  gaping ; interior  rib-like  process  slender,  curved ; one 
extra  valve  over  the  umbones,  ovate-triangular,  white.  L.  20  ; 
H.  11 ; W.  12  ; U.  — Connecticut  and  south.  Boring  in  wood 
and  oyster  shells. 

2.  Martesia  Smithii , Try.  Shell  short,  ovate;  in  other  points, 
much  like  the  preceding  except  that  there  are  two  extra  valves 
at  the  hinge  margin,  the  large  one  just  over  the  umbones,  and  the 
small  one  in  front  of  it.  L.  15 ; H.  10;  W.  12  ; U.  J. — Staten 
Island.  In  oyster  shells. 

Family  33.  TEREDID/E. 

Animal  worm-shaped,  its  two  long  siphons  furnished  at  their 
ends  with  two  limy  pieces  called  pallets ; valves  gaping,  short, 
with  an  internal  spoon-shaped  process  extending  fropi  the  hinge. 
Animal  and  valves  contained  in  an  irregular  limy  tube,  with 
which  it  lines  its  burrows  in  timber  or  clay. 

* Pallets  with  the  blades  not  feather-like 1.  Teredo. 

* Pallets  with  the  blades  composed  of  joints,  making  them  feather-like 

2.  Xylotrya. 

1.  Teredo,  L.  The  Ship  Worms. 

Shell  globular,  open  widely  at  both  ends,  lodged  at  the  inner 
end  of  a burrow  which  is  entirely  lined  with  shell;  valves  three 
lobed,  the  hinge  plate  reflected  over  the  umbones,  and  having  a 
long,  tooth-like  process  under  each.  The  extra  valves  (pallets)  are 
spatulate  in  form,  and  are  found  at  the  end  of  the  siphon  tubes. 

Animal  long  and  worm-like,  living  in  wood  which  it  rap- 
idly destroys,  doing  great  damage  to  ships  and  wharves. 


* Height  } greater  than  length  of  the  shell 4,  5 . 

* Height  about  equal  to  the  length  of  the  shell.  (A.) 

A.  Length  6 or  more 1-3. 

A.  Length  4 or  less 6. 


1.  Teredo  ncivalis,  L.  (Figs.  18-20).  Length  and  height  of 

valves  equal ; posterior  auricle  expanded,  extending  much  below 
the  anterior  one  which  is  small ; pallets  rounded  on  one  side,  flat 
on  the  other,  notched  at  the  end ; the  stalk  about  equal  to  the 
blade  in  length.  Shell  L.  6 ; H.  6 : Pallet  L.  6 ; W.  2.  Stalk 

2 \. — Massachusetts  and  south.  Very  common. 

2.  Teredo  megotara , Hanl,  Length  and  height  of  valves  about 
equal ; posterior  auricle  large  and  separated  from  the  umbo  by 


JOURNAL.  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


1X4 

a narrow,  deep,  rounded  notch ; the  tube  in  which  the  animal 
lives  is  not  divided  into  chambers ; pallets  with  the  blade  obo- 
vate,  very  slightly  or  not  at  all  notched,  and  with  the  stalk  only 
half  as  long.  Shell  L.  6-12;  W.  6-12:  Pallet  L.  4-6;  W.  2-3. 
Stalk  2. — Mass,  and  south.  Common  in  floating  drift  wood. 

3.  Teredo  dilatcita , Stirm  Similar  in  shell  and  pallets  to  the 
last  species ; but  the  posterior  auricle  is  not  separated  by  a deep 
notch,  and  the  end  of  the  tube  in  which  the  animal  Kves  is  di- 
vided into  many  chambers. — L.  6;  H.  5^.  Pallet  L.  5 ; W.  2^-. 
Stalk  1.  Mass,  and  south  Not  common. 

4.  Teredo  Thomsonii , Try.  Length  of  valves  ^ less  than  height ; 
anterior  and  posterior  auricles  but  little  different  in  size,  the  pos- 
terior one  does  not  extend  as  low  as  the  anterior  one ; pallets 
with  oval  blades,  having,  on  one  side,  a smooth,  horseshoe- 
shaped rim  enclosing  a depressed,  striated  area ; stalk  very  short ; 
tube  not  chambered.  Shell  L.  6-9 ; H.  8-12.  Pallet  L.  5-8 ; 
W.  2-3.  Stalk  1.— Mass. 

5.  Teredo  norvegica,  Speng.  Valves  solid,  higher  than  long,  the 
two  auricles  ending  below  at  about  the  same  level,  and  witii  their 
dorsal  margins  concave ; pallets  spade-shaped,  square  at  tip,  and 
with  the  stalk  as  long  as  the  blade;  tube  chambered  at  entrance. 
Shell  L.  14;  H.  15;  W.  17.  Pallet  I,.  21 ; W.  6.— New  England. 
Rare. 

6.  Teredo  ( Lyrodes ) chlorotica , Gould.  Valves  rhomboidal  a 
very  little  higher  than  long  ; umbones  enveloped  in  the  callus 
of  the  triangular  area,  which  is  large,  ascendent,  obtuse  at  point, 
with  about  40  divergent  square  ribs  with  the  interspaces  finely 
barred;  pallets  paddle-shaped,  the  stalk  flexuous  and  very  deli- 
cate, the  blade  half  as  long,  lyre-shaped,  the  extreme  § covered 
with  a dark  crust  which  has  a projecting  horn  at  each  angle. 
The  minute  size  and  globular  form  of  the  shell  and  the  very 
peculiar  pallets  make  it  remarkable  and  has  caused  the  forma- 
tion of  the  ^ubgenus  Lyrodes.  Shell  about  3 in  all  directions. 
Pallet  L.  5;  W.  f;  stalk  2f. 

2.  Xylotrya,  Leach. 

Siphonal  pallets  long  and  feather  form,  the  blade  being  made 
up  of  articulated  pieces  arranged  like  the  parts  of  a feather. 

1.  Xylotrya  fimbriata,  Jef.  Valves  similar  to  Teredo  navalis, 
but  the  pallets  are  oar-shaped  with  the  blade  marked  feather-like 


Fam.  35.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


115 


by  10  or  12  cross  ridges  which  give  the  edges  a serrated  outline ; 
stalk  about  equal  to  the  blade  in  length,  and  J the  width.  Shell 
L.  6 ; H.  6.  Pallet  L.  12  ; W 2 ; Stalk  7, — Mass,  and  south.  Rare. 

CLASS  II.  GASTROPODA. 

Head  distinct,  usually  furnished  with  eyes ^ and  tentacles; 
body,  in  most  species,  protected  by  a spiral  or  conical  univalve 
shell,  rarely  naked,  never  with  a bivalve  shell;  lower  surface  of 
animal  developing  a thickened,  expanded,  creeping  disk  or  foot, 
except  in  the  aberrant  order  Pteropoda. 

Order  PTEROPODA. 

Small,  free  swimming,  brightly  colored,  gregarious,  pelagic 
mollusks  usually  naked,  but  sometimes  protected  by  a thin  ex- 
ternal or  internal  often  membranaceous  shell..  The  peculiarity 
which  gives  them  their  name  is  the  wing-like  projections  used 
in  swimming  ; the  head  is  small ; the  mouth  small,  sometimes 
tentaculate,  and  furnished  with  a radula.  The  sexes  are  united 
in  the  same  individual.  Very  abundant  in  the  Arctic  seas; 
certain  species  furnish  the  chief  food  of  the  whale.  They 
come  to  the  surface  mainly  in  the  evening,  and  occasionally 
have  been  found  quite  abundant  near  shore.  The  scope  of  this 
book  hardly  needs  their  introduction,  but  a few  species  are  given. 

Suborder  THECOSOMATA. 

Animal  furnished  with  a shell;  head  rudimentary. 

Family  34.  LIMACIN1D/E. 

Represented  mainly  by  the  genus : — 

Limacina,  Cuv. 

Shell  present,  external,  minute  (length  1—5),  spiral,  sinistral, 
transparent;  operculum  paucispiral,  glassy.  Animal  with  nar- 
row, simple  fins  attached  to  the  sides  of  the  mouth  and  united 
ventrally  ; mouth  central,  with  prominent  lips.  • Pelagic. 

Limacina  retrover sa , Fleming.  (Fig.  21).  Shell  ovate  globose, 
very  thin,  pellucid;  umbilicus  deep,  narrow;  whorls  7 with  mi- 
nute revolving  lines;  aperture  equals  the  spire.  L.  2J;  D.  If. — 
Arctic  seas  to  N.  J.  Several  other  species  are  known  but  the 
shells  are  rarely  ever  seen  on  shore. 

Family  35.  CAVOLINIID/E. 

Shell  straight  or  slightly  curved,  globular  or  needle-shaped  ; 
no  operculum  ; animal  with  two  large  fins. 


f ii>  JOURNAL  OF  THE  HEW  JERSEY 

\ 

* Shell  bulging  and  somewhat  globular,  with  3 teeth  or  spines  at  the  pos- 
terior end- r. 1.  Cavolinia.. 


* Shell  long,  slender,  conical,  gradually  tapering; ...2.  Creseis.. 

1.  Cavolinia,  Abild. 

Shell  bulging,  translucent ;:  aperture  contracted,  with  a slit  on 
each  side  f posterior  extremity  three-pointed.  Animal  with  long 
appendages  to  the  mantle,,  passing  through  the  slits  of  the  shell  . 
tentacles  indistinct;  fins  united  by  a semicircular  lobe,  repre- 
senting the  foot. 

1.  Cavolinia  tridentata , Forska.  (Figs.  22,  23).  Body  short,, 
furnished  with  lateral  appendages;  shell  globular,  thin,  pellucid, 
yellowish,  very  finely  striated  transversely ; terminal  spine 
about  half  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  sheik. — Fortieth  parallel 
and  south, 

2.  Cavolinia  trispinosa , Les,  Shell  globular,  ending  in  a spine 
as  long  as  the  body ; lateral  spines  only  -J  as  long.  L.  10. — 
Whole  coast. 

3.  Cavolinia  uncinata , Rang,  Terminal  spine  but  little  longer 
than  the  side  ones,  each  about  a third  as  long  as  the  shell,  L.  6-, 
—Fortieth  parallel  and  south. 

2.  Creseis. 

Shell  slender,  conical,  pointed,  straight  or  slightly  curved.. 
Animal  with  rather  narrow,  truncate  fins  with  small  tentacles 
projecting  from  their  dorsal  surface. 

1.  Creseis  conica , Eschscholtz.  (Figs.  24,  25).  Shell  long, 
slender,  conical,  smooth,  polished,  diaphanous,  and  slightly 
curved  towards  the  acute  apex.  L.  12;  D.  2.  Animal  white  : 
swimming  organs  obovate,  and  with  two  tentacles  on  the  inner 
front  edges.— Whole  extent. 

Sub-order,  GYMNOSOMATA. 

Animal  naked,  without  mantle  or  shell;  head  distinct,  swim- 
ming lobes  attached  to  the  sides  of  the  neck. 

Family  36,  CLIONID/E. 

Represented  only  by  the  genus : — 

1.  Clione.  Pallas. 

Head  provided  with  two  eye-tubercles  and  two  tentacles ; 
mouth  with  lateral  lobes  ; fins  ovate,  attached  to  the  sides  of  the 
neck;  foot  lobed.# 


Fam. SS.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


m 


Clione  limacina , Phipps.  Gelatinous,  pellucid,  pale  blue,  hya- 
line; mouth  and  end  of  body  scarlet  when  out  of  water  ; wings 
ovate,  pointed  , tail  acute.  L.  25. — Maine. 

Order  QP1STH0BRANCHIATA. 

Mollusks  with  a flat  foot  ; gills  usually  present  and  exposed, 
but  sometimes  absent  .;  the  branchial  veins  open  unto  the  auricle 
behind  the  ventricle ; usually  without  a shell  ; the  shell,  when 
present,  thin  and  wholly  or  partially  concealed  by  the  animal. 

Suborder  TECTXBRANCHXATA. 

With  one  exception,  the  animal  in  all  the  species  included  in 
this  work  is  provided  with  a small  spiral  shelf  which  is  often 
partly  or  completely  enclosed  in  the  reflected  margin  of  the 
mantle  or  foot  ; gills  usually  on  the  right  hand  side,  and  always 
hidden. 

Family  37,  ACT7E0N1D/E, 

Only  represented  by  deep  water  species ; the  following  found 
in  rather  shallow  water. 

1.  Action,  Month 

Shell  solid,  ovate,  with  a conical,  many-whorled  spire;  spir- 
ally grooved,  or  punctate-striate  ; aperture  long,  narrow,  round- 
ed in  front  ; outer  lip  sharp  ; columella  with  a strong,  tortuous 
fold;  operculum  homy,  elliptical,  lamellar.  Animal  white; 
head  truncated,  and  slightly  notched  in  front,  furnished  pos- 
teriorly with  recumbent,  tentacular  lobes,  and  small  eyes  near 
their  inner  bases  ; foot  oblong,  lateral  lobes  slightly  reflected  on 
the  shell. 

1.  Actseon  puncto- striata , C.  B.  Ad,  Shell  minute,  elongated, 
oval ; spire  sharply  pointed  ; whorls  shouldered  at  the  suture 
which  is  somewhat  channeled ; body  whorl  smooth  above  the 
aperture,  but  below  it  is  marked  with  10-15  revolving  lines 
formed  by  minute  punctures ; outer  lip  sharp  and  regularly 
curved;  pillar-lip  with  a prominent  fold.  White.  L.  2J;  D 
If ; A.  60°  ; W.  4-5 ; Ap.  — N.  Y.  and  Mass. 

Family  38.  TORNATINID/E. 

Shell  external,  spiral,  more  or  less  cylindrical,  usually  white ; 
no  operculum.  Animal  with  a depressed  head,  triangular  or 
four  sided ; eyes  at  the  outer  bases  of  tentacular  lobes. 


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* Spire  conspicuous;  inner  lip  with  one  fold 1.  Tornatina. 

* Spire  about  flat ; inner  lip  smooth 2.  Utriculus. 

* Spire  sunken;  inner  lip  with  1-2  folds 3.  Cyliehnella. 


1.  Tornatina,  A.  Ad. 

Shell  cylindrical  or  fusiform,  spire  conspicuous,  apex  sinistral, 
suture  channeled,  columella  callous,  one-plaited.  Animal  with 
a broad,  trigonal  head,  rounded  in  front;  tentacular  lobes  tri- 
angular, with  eyes  at  their  outer  bases;  foot  short. 

1.  Tornatina  canaliculata , Say.  Shell  cylindrical,  polished, 
with  very  faint  lines  of  growth  ; spire  a little  elevated,  with  a 
minute  but  prominent  tip;  the  summit  of  each  whorl  has  a 
shallow,  rounded  groove ; inner  lip  with  a single  oblique  fold  or 
tooth  near  the  base.  White,  without  spots.  L.  3-5  ; D.  1-J— 2J  ; 
An.  150° ; Wh.  5;  Ap.  f. — Mass,  and  south. 

2.  Utriculus,  Br. 

Shell  rather  thin,  sub-cylindrical,  with  short  spire  and  thin 
epidermis;  aperture  narrow  behind,  wider  in  front;  columella 
not  plicated ; outer  lip  thin,  straight. 

1.  Utriculus  Gouldii , Cout.  Shell  ovate,  shining;  spire  nearly 
flat,  showing  all  the  whorls ; aperture  narrow  for  about  J of  its 
length,  then  suddenly  enlarges  by  the  curvature  of  the  inner  lip 
which  is  a little  thickened,  white  and  polished.  White  with 
yellowish  epidermis.  L.  7J;  D.  2J;  Wh.  4;  Ap.  whole  length. — 
Cape  Cod  and  north.  In  rather  deep  water. 

3.  Cylichnella,  Gabb. 

Shell  sub-cylindrical,  spire  sunken ; aperture  wide  in  front, 
narrow  behind ; columella  with  one  or  two  folds. 

1.  Cylichnella  oryza , Tot.  Shell  oval,  not  very  thin,  glossy  and 
smooth  except  under  a magnifier  when  the  ends  will  show  a few 
minute,  revolving  lines  and  lines  of  growth ; outer  lip  regularly 
curved  and  sharp ; inner  lip  thickened,  smooth,  glossy,  and 
twisted  so  as  to  form  an  oblique  fold.  White.  L.  7^;  D.  2 \ ; 
Ap.  full  length  of  shell. — Cape  Cod  and  south. 

Family  39.  SCAPH AN DRI D/E. 

Shell  thin,  transparent,  oval-globular ; spire  very  short ; aper- 
ture very  wide  in  front ; outer  lip  thin,  sinuous.  Head  broad 
and  short ; tentacular  lobes  short,  conical,  wide  apart,  with  eyes 
sunken  in  their  hind  bases. 


Fam.  42. j 


NATURAL  HISTOkY  SOCIETY. 


m 


1.  Diapiiana,  Br. 

Shell  thin,  transparent,  oval-globular;  spire  very  short;  aper 
ture  much  widened  in  front ; columella  a little  sinuous ; outer 
lip  sinuous.  Head  disk  broad  and  short ; tentacular  lobes  short, 
•conical,  lateral,  wide  apart ; foot  short,  bilobed  behind. 

1.  Diaphana  debilisp  Grid.  Shell  obliquely  ovate,  small, -trans- 
parent, smooth,  partially  umbilicated  ; whorls  terminating  in  a 
level  spire;  pillar  lip  terminating  abruptly  in  front.  Greenish 
white.  The  last  whorl  includes  all  the  others.  L.  ; D.  2f ; 
An.  180  ; Wh.  4 ; Ap.  1. — Northern ; south  to  N.  .J.;  6-450  fathoms. 

Family  40,  BUIL1D/L 

Shell  external  but  partially  covered  by  the  side  lobes  of  the 
foot;  spire  involute. 

1.  H amine  a,  Leach. 

Shell  oval-globular,  spiral,  homy,  thin,  white  or  colorless  , 
-covered  with  a slight  epidermis. 

1.  Hctminea  solitaria , Say.  (Fig.  53).  Shell  thin,  fragile,  pel- 
lucid, oval,  and  covered  with  numerous,  minute,  revolving  lines  ; 
more  or  less  of  a pit  in  place  of  a spire ; aperture  narrowly 
linear  above,  wide  below;  umbilicus  none;  outer  lip  regularly 
curved.  White.  L.  9~;  D.  6.— Whole  coast.  Common. 

Family  41.  PH1LINID/E. 

Shell  usually  present,  sometimes  wanting,  internal,  bulliform, 
but  slightly  spiral,  usually  not  forming  a single  whorl ; it  is  con- 
cealed under  the  lateral  margins  of  the  foot. 

1.  Phtline,  Asc. 

Shell  internal,  white,  translucent,  oval,  spiral,  but  only  form- 
ing a single  whorl ; spire  rudimentary.  ' 

1.  Philine  sinuata , Stim.  (Fig.  54).  Shell  minute,  ovate,  pel- 
lucid, longitudinally  striate,  of  about  one  whorl ; aperture  very 
large,  dilated  in  front.  White.  L.  If ; D.  If. — Mass. ; in  4 
fathoms.  Many  species  of  this  genus,  characterized  by  having 
a single  whorl,  are  found  in  deep  water. 

Family  42.  DOR! DELL! D/E. 

Represented  only  by  the  genus  Doridella,  Ver.  Animal  des- 
titute of  a shell,  oval,  smooth,  convex ; dorsal  tentacles  retractile, 
without  sheaths;  gills  tufted,  posterior,  on  the  right  hand  side, 
in  a groove  between  the  mantle  and  the  foot. 


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1.  Doriclella  obscura , Ver.  Body  broad,  oval;  foot  broad,  cordate 
in  front ; head  disk  lunate,  hollowed  in  front,  forming  tentacle 
like  projections ; dorsal  tentacles  small,  stout.  Body  dark 
brown,  lighter  toward  the  edge ; foot  and  tentacles  white.  L.  7\\ 
W.  5. — N.  J.  and  north. 


Order  NUDIBRANCHIATA. 

Sea  slugs ; animal  destitute  of  a shell ; mantle  sometimes 
large,  usually  small  or  none;  gills  usually  project  freely  from 
the  dorsal  surface ; hermaphrodite.  These  mollusks  are  found 
from  between  tides  to  great  depths. 

Family  43.  DORIDID/E. 

Mantle  large,  without  marginal  appendages ; skin  generally 
very  spiculose  ; dorsal  tentacles  laminate  and  retractile  within 
cavities. 


* Gills  twice  pinnate,  and  not  retractile 3.  Aeanthodoris . 

* Gills  once  pinnate.  (A.) 

A.  Gills  retractile  into  a cavity 1.  Doris. 


A.  Gills  not  retractile,  head  with  a veil  in  place  of  oral  tentacles 

2.  Onchidoris. 


1.  Doris,  L. 


Body  depressed  or  sub-convex ; skin  spiculose ; mantle  often 
tuberculate,  covering  the  head  and  the  foot;  gills  plumose  or 
ramose,  united  at  the  base,  and  retractile  with  the  vent  into  a 
common  pallial  cavity ; mouth  inferior,  usually  with  two  oral 
tentacles: 

1.  Doris  tuberculata , Cuv.  (Figs  28).  Body  oblong-oval, 
slightly  broader  in  front ; gills  forming  a star  of  9,  simply  pin- 
nate plumes  ; head  very  short,  crescent-shaped,  about  the  width 
of  the  foot,  pointed  at  the  sides.  Maroon  color,  darkened  on  the 
sides  by  many  dusky  points;  dark  gray  below\  L.  35 ; W.  20. — 
Mass. 

2.  Doris  repanda , A.  and  H.  Body  broad,  depressed ; mantle  - 
expanded  widely  beyond  the  foot ; gills  forming  a star  of  about 
10,  small,  pinnate  plumes ; foot  narrow,  truncated  in  front.  Light 
colored  and  covered  with  minute,  white  tubercles.  L.  15  ; W.  12. 
— New  Eng. 

2.  Onchidoris.  De  Bl. 

Body  depressed ; mantle  large ; head  with  a veil  in  place  of 


Fam.  43.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


121 


oral  tentacles;  gills  simply  pinnate,  set  in  an  open  circle  or 


ellipse,  non-retractile. 

* Gill  plumes  over  15., 1. 

* Gill  plumes  only  5 2. 

* Gill  plumes  6-10 3,  4. 


1.  Onchidoris  bilamdlata , L.  Animal  oblong-elliptical;  surface 
covered  with  unequal,  short,  pestle-shaped  papillae ; gills  slender, 
simply  pinnate,  20-25  in  number,  arranged  in  an  oval  across  the 
back  ; several  tubercles  within  the  included  space.  Whitish, 
varied  with  rusty  brown,  or  flesh  color.  L.  25 ; W.  12. — New 
England. 

2.  Onchidoris  grisea , Stim.  Body  oval-oblong,  quite  convex, 
and  semi-globose  when  contracted;  a little  pointed  behind  when 
fully  extended  ; back  covered  with  short,  blunt  processes  tipped 
with  stellate  clusters  of  spiculae;  gills  forming  a star  of  5 short, 
yellowish  plumes,  around  a brown  spot  with  a dark  bristle  in 
the  centre  ; back  plumes  much  shorter  than  the  front  ones ; head 
short,  broad,  angular.  L.  12  ; W.  8. — Mass. 

3.  Onchidoris  tenella , Ag.  Body  ovate,  broadest  in  front;  man- 
tle extending  in  front  much  beyond  the  foot,  on  the  sides  but  lit- 
tle ; gills  forming  a star  of  6 to  7,  simple,  short  plumes,  retractile 
into  separate  sheaths  ; foot  elliptical-oblong ; head  short,  broader 
than  foot,  pointed  at  the  sides,  broadly  shielded  by  the  mantle. 
Yellowish-white.  L.  13;  W.  10. — Mass. 

4.  Onchidoris  aspersa , A.  and  H.  Body  oblong-elliptical, 
covered  with  large,  mushroom-like  tubercles ; gill  star  of  7 or  8 
broad,  lanceolate  plumes,  retractile  into  separate  sheaths ; head 
short,  crescentic,  about  as  wide  as  the  foot  which  is  a little  nar- 
rower than  the  manlle.  Pale  cream  color,  the  tubercles  lighter, 
a dusky  spot  in  the  centre  of  the  back.  L.  12  ; W.  6 — Mass. 

3.  Acanthodoris,  Gray. 

Body  convex ; mantle  moderate  in  size,  covered  with  soft  pa- 
pillae ; oral  tentacles  united  in  a veil,  with  free,  flattened,  lateral 
ends ; gills  united  at  the  base,  non-retractile. 

1.  Acanthodoris  ornatci , Yer.  Body  elongated,  high  at  the  sides, 
somewhat  oblong,  narrower  and  rounded  behind,  extending 
much  beyond  the  mantle ; mantle  narrowed  in  the  middle  and 
covered  with  small  papillae,  except  along  the  centre ; lower  half 
of  the  slender  dorsal  tentacles  smooth,  upper  half  with  about  16 


122' 


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strong  lamella© ; gills  8,  large,  bipinnate,  the  2 back  ones  smaller:, 
all  united  by  a web.  Yellowish  flesh-color,  translucent.  L.  25 
W.  8 ; dorsal  tentacles  6. — 

2.  Acanthodoris  stellata.  Body  broad,,  oval,  wider  in  front;  back 
convex,  covered  with  numerous,  small,  scattered,  pointed  papillae:; 
gills  forming  a star  of  about  7 bipinnate  plumes,  the  subdivis- 
ions fine  and  slender.  Color  very  variable ; often  purplish-brown,, 
sprinkled  with  yellowish  tips ; gills  purplish  at  base  with  yellow- 
ish tips,  sometimes  with  star  like  markings.  L.  25  ; \V.  12.— 
N.  Y.  and  north.  Under  stones  at  low  water. 

Family  44,  PGIYCERSD/E, 

Gills  forming  more  or  less  of  a circular  crown  on  the  middle- 
of  the  back,  surrounding  the  vent;  mantle  small  or  none;  skin 
usually  spiculose,  our  species  with  dorsal  tentacles  non  retractile. 


* Gills  once  pinnate 1.  Idalia.. 

* Gills  twice  pinnate.  A, 

A.  Gill  plumes  3 2.  Ancula 

A.  Gill  plumes  5.. ..3.  Polyeera . 


1.  Idalia,  Leuc. 

Body  convex,  smooth ; mantle  small,  with  long  filaments 
around  the  edge ; head  produced  in  front ; dorsal  tentacles  linear y 
laminated;  gills  simply  pinnate,  non-retractile. 

1.  Idalia  pidchella,  A.  and  FI.  Body  ovate;  mantle  small,  pro- 
duced in  front,  with  four  filaments  set  on  an  expanded  pallial  or 
velar  ridge ; lateral  filaments  five  on  each  side,  the  last  large  and 
bifid;  dorsal  tentacles  club-shaped,  laminated  for  three  fourths 
their  length;  gills  11  (the  front  one  bifid),  rather  small  dimin- 
ishing backward,  L.  10. — New  England. 

2.  Ancula,  Lov. 

Body  slug-form,  smooth  ; mantle  very  indistinct,  near  the  gills 
bearing  one  or  more  appendages ; head  produced  at  tfye  sides- 
into  tentacular  appendages. 

1.  Ancula  . sulphurea,  Stim.  Body  slender;  dorsal  tentacles 
large^  club-shaped,  the  upper  third  with  about  12  laminae;  gill 
plumes  twice  pinnate,  three  in  number,  arranged  in  a half  circle, 
the  middle  one  largest;  these  are  surrounded  by  8-j2  tentacu- 
lar processes;  foot  narrow,  rounded  at  the  sides.  Very  light 
brownish,  transparent ; the  dorsal  tentacles,  and  the  tentacular 


Fam.  45.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


123 


processes  sulphur  yellow  at  the  tips.  L.  30. — New  Eng.  Under 
stones. 

3.  POLYCERA,  Guv. 

Body  slug-form  ; mantle  indistinct,  forming  a veil  in  front  and 
a tuberculated  ridge  on  the  sides ; gills  non-retractile,  with  two 
or  more  lateral  appendages. 

1.  Polycera  Lessonii , d’  Orb.  (Fig.  30),  Animal  slug-shaped  ; 
a sharp  ridge  or  fringe  along  the  sides  of  the  back,  having  6 
tubercles  on  each  side,  and  making  the  body  quadrate  between 
the  tentacles  and  the  gills  ; another  row  of  tubercles  extends  along 
the  middle  of  the  back ; head  with  6 projecting  points  on  each 
side;  gill  plumes  twice  pinnate,  3 large  and  2 small.  Greenish 
color  formed  by  green  dots;  tubercles  tipped  with  sulphur  yellow. 
L.  20-30. — N.  Y.  and  north. 

2.  Polycera  Emertonii , Ver.  Body  small,  elongated  ovate, 
somewhat  angular, tapering  backward  to  nearly  a point,  nar- 
rowed a little  at  the  neck ; dorsal  tentacles  rather  long  (length 
equal  width  of  neck),  quite  contractile  but  not  retractile;  gills 
three,  narrow,  elongated,  pinnate,  subplumose,  not  finely  divided, 
curved  backward,  not  retractile ; the  pinnae  few,  alternate,  gen- 
erally incurved.  Color  yellowish-green  to  olive-green,  varied  to 
lemon-yellow  and  dotted  with  darker;  foot,  tentacles,  gills  and 
dorsal  papillae  lighter  greenish-yellow.  L.  5-6;  W.  1 ; H.  1|-. — 
New  England. 

Suborder  AIOLOBRANCHIATA. 

Branchiae  variable,  generally  upon  the  sides  of  the  back ; not 
in  a,  circle  surrounding  the  anal  orifice. 

Family  45.  TRITON  ID/E. 

Animal  with  laminated  plumose  or  papillose  gills,  arranged 
along  the  sides  of  the  back ; tentacles  retractile  into  sheaths. 

* Four  gill  lobes  projecting  above  the  body,  and  tufted  with  gills  upon  their 


inner  sides 1.  Scyllcea. 

* Gills  very  much  branching  and  tree-like 2.  Dendronotus. 

* Gills  simple,  club-shaped 3.  Doto. 


1.  Scyllcea,  Linn. 

Animal  elongated,  compressed ; foot  long,  narrow,  and  chan- 
neled, adapted  for  clasping  sea  weeds ; back  with  two  pairs  of 
wing-like,  lateral  lobes,  bearing  small,  tufted  gills  on  their  inner 


124 


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surfaces;  the  two  tentacles  slender,  w-ith  lamellated  ends,  re- 
tractile into  long  sheaths. 

1.  Scyllsea  Edwarclsii , Ver.  The  four  gill  lobes,  spatulate  in; 
shape,  extend  upward  from  the  back,  and  have,  on  their  inner 
surface,  small,  tufted,  branching  gills  that  project  beyond  their 
edges;  similar  gills  are  also  found  on  the  back,  and  on  the  tail,, 
which  form  an  upwardly  turned  lobe;,  foot  very  narrow.  Color 
rich  brownish-yellow  or  orange,  irregularly  spotted  with  orange 
brown  blotches  and  white  specks  and  streaks;  along  each  side 
there  is  a row  of  6 or  7 iridescent,  bluish  spots.  L.  75  ; W.  12. 

2,  Dendronotus,  Al.  and  H. 

Animal  elongated ; tentacles  laminated ; front  of  the  head 
with  branched  appendages  ; gills  arborescent,  in  a single  row 
on  each  side  of  the  back  ; foot  narrow. 

1.  Dendronotus  arborescens , Mu.  (Fig.  29).  Body  elongated, 
tapering,  rounded  above,  as  high  as  broad,  surface  somewhat 
warty ; head  blunt,  with  a crown  of  about  six  antler-like  ap- 
pendages directed  forward  ; gills  in  six  or  more  pairs  beautifully 
tree-like,  in  two  rows  along  the  sides  of  the  back,  the  hind  ones 
smaller.  Color  very  variable,  reddish,  marbled  with  brown  and 
opaque  wrhite;  pale  rose  color  or  white  and  dark  brown  : gills 
transparent.  L.  50-80. — New  Eng.  On  sea- weed. 

3.  Boto,  Oken. 

Animal  long,  slender ; tentacles  linear,  retractile  into  trumpet- 
shaped  sheaths  ; gills  ovate,  muricated,  in  a single  series  on  each 
side  of  the  back  ; foot  very  narrow. 

1.  Doto  coronatci , Gml.  Body  slender,  gradually  pointed  be- 
hind, convex  above;  tentacles  slender ; gills  ovate-club-shaped, 
attached  by  a slender  base,  arranged  in  a line  of  5—8  on  each 
side.  Color  variable  from  colorless  to  deep  brown,  the  gills 
covered  with  dark  red  dots  arranged  in  circles.  L.  12. — New 
England. 

Family  46.  /EQUD/E, 

Animal  with  papillose  gills  arranged  along  the  sides  of  the 
body  ; tentacles  subulate,  sheathless,  non-retractile ; branches  ox 
the  stomach  and  liver  extend  into  the  gills  upon  the  back ; skin 
smooth,  without  spiculse;  no  distinct  mantle. 


Warn.  46.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


125 


’*  Animal  with  no  true  tentacles  ; front  angles  of  the  head  pointed  somewhat 

like  tentacles 5.  -Alderia. 

'*  Animal  apparently  with  only  2 tentacles  ; small,  under  10  long.  (A.) 

A.  With  not  over  5 large  and  7 alternating,  small,  club-shaped  gills  on 

4 each  side . 6.  Stiliger. 

A.  Head  produced  into  a flat  lobe  on  each  side ; gills  in  a single  row  of 
tufts,  of  2 or  3 each,  on  each  side 8.  Embletonia. 

A.  Tentacles  folded  lengthwise;  gills  apparently  like  crosses... 7.  Hermcea. 

v'  Animal  with  4 tentacles,  and,  in  many  cases,  the  front  angles  of  the  foot 

prolonged  into  tentacular  lobes.  (B.) 

B.  Animal  under  10  long;  front  angles  of  the  foot  rounded;  dorsal  ten- 
tacles longer.  (O'.) 

C.  Foot  rudimentary,  branchiae  in  a single  row  on  each  side,  each  with 

a sucker-like  extremity .• 9.  Tergipes. 

O.  Anterior  angles  of  foot  rounded ; branchiae  in  distant  transverse 
rows . ,... JO.  Galvinci . 

B.  Over  10  long.  (D.  ) 

D.  Width  of  body  the  length  ... A.JEolis . 

D Width  of  body  J-J  the  length.  (E.) 

E.  Tentacles  about  equal  in  length  ; dorsal  ones  perfoliate 

’ ...3.  Flabellina . 

E.  Tentacles  usually  unequal ; dorsal  ones  simple.  (F.) 

F.  Front  angles  of  the  foot  not  much  prolonged,  sometimes 
rounded 2.  JEolidia. 

F.  Front  angles  produced  into  long,  tentacular  lobes.. 4.  Coryphella. 

1.  JSolis,  Cuv. 

Animal  ovate;  dorsal  tentacles  smooth,  oval,  slender;  gills 
simple,  cylindrical,  numerous,  depressed,  and  imbricated ; foot 
narrow. 

1.  jEolis papillosa*  L.  Body  broad,  depressed,  truncate  in  front, 
rapidly  tapering  behind ; dorsal  tentacles  dark,  of  the  same 
length  as  the  gills ; oral  tentacles  longer,  more  slender,  and 
lighter  in  color;  gills  lanceolate,  compressed,  short-stalked,  ar- 
ranged in  many  (12-20)  imbricated,  oblique  rows  on  each  side 
of  the  back,  and  with  10-12  in  each  row ; central  portion  of  the 
back  nearly  naked,  variously  mottled,  and  showing  the  large 
sack  containing  the  pulsating  heart.  L.  30-70;  W.  J length.- — 
New  Eng.  Under  stones  between  tides. 

2.  JEolis  salmonacea , Cout.  Body  oblong,  broad;  tail  suddenly 
tapering  to  an  acute  point ; tentacles  large  and  blunt,  the  dorsal 
ones  minutely  serrated  at  the  sides ; gills  rather  long,  larger  and 
pointed,  100  or  more  on  each  side,  arranged  in  crowded,  regularly 
spaced  series,  orange  red  in  color ; foot  broad,  the  front  angles 


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prolonged  into  small  tentacular  appendages.  Color  yellowish - 
white.  L.  40  ; W.  20. — Mass. 

2.  iEoLIDIA,  Cuv. 

Dorsal  tentacles  simple;  gills  compressed,  in  transverse,  rather 
distant  rows ; front  angles  of  the  foot  almost  rounded. 

1.  JEolidia  pida , A.  and  H.  Oral  tentacles  short  and  stout; 
dorsal  ones  twice  as  long,  simple,  with  an  amber  ring  at  the  outer 
third  ; gills  inflated  like  an  olive  jar,  arranged  along  the  sides  in 
0-8  series,  the  front  one  being  somewhat  clustered>and  the  rest 
set  upon  oblique  ridges;  foot  narrow,  with  the  front  angles 
rounded.  Animal  yellowish-white,  sparsely  dotted  wTith  brown- 
ish blotches  and  white  dots;  .gills  with  a darkish  pith,  a white 
tip,  and  a yellowish  ring  below  the  tip.  L.  12-20;  W.  3-5. — 
Mass. 

2.  JEolidia  diversa , Gout.  Body  lanceolate,  gradually  tapering 
to  a flue  point;  oral  tentacles  long  and  slender;  dorsal  ones 
shorter,  smooth ; gills  somewhat  fusiform,  quite  slender  at  base, 
arranged  in  a crowded,  rather  irregular  manner,  along  the  sides 
in  "transverse  series  of  three  or  four;  front  angles  of  foot  neither 
rounded  nor  tentaculate.  Pale  straw-color,  tinted  reddish  by 
the  viscera  within ; gills,  outside,  without  color,  inside,  deep 
orange.  L.  30;  W.  8. — New  Eng. 

3.  JEolidia  pilata , Gld.  (Fig.  27).  Tentacles  about  equal; 
dorsal  ones  smooth  ; gills  rather  stout,  fusiform,  arranged  in  five 
or  more  remote  groups  along  each  side ; each  group  composed 
of  two  approximate  ranges  ; the  first  with  about  8 in  each  range, 
the  next  two,  about  6,  and  the  next  5 ; angles  of  foot  triangular. 
Pale  drab  color,  edged  above  with  light  fawn  color ; along  the 
back  there  is  an  interrupted,  elongated  stripe  of  carmine  mar- 
gined with  silvery  dots;  gills  with  a white  ring,  a clear  ring, 
and  a white  tip.  L.  38;  W.  6. — Mass. 

3.  Flabellina,  Cuv. 

Body  slender ; dorsal  tentacles  perfoliate ; oral  tentacles  elon- 
gated ; gills  on  compressed  stalks ; foot  angularly  produced  in 
front. 

1.  Flabellina  Bostoniensis , Cout.  Body  lanceolate,  rounded 
above ; gills  cimeter-shaped,  arranged  in  five  or  more  distinct 
groups  on  each  side  ; the  front  group  has  16  arranged  in  cubic 


Fam.  46.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


12? 


quincunx;  these  gills  curve  backward  and  inward,  forming 
arches  over  the  back ; tentacles  about  equal  in  length ; foot  with 
the  front  angles  prolonged  into  large  tentacular  appendages. 
Drab-colored,  with  white  or  silvery  lines  on  tail,  back  of  oral 
tentacles  and  tips  of  gills.  L,  25  ; W.  7. — Mass. 

2.  Flabellina  rufibranchialis.  Joht.  Body  slender,  gradually 
tapering ; tentacles  about  equal,  long  and  slender ; gills  slender 
almost  linear,  arranged  in  6 or  7 clusters  on  each  side,  each  cluster 
having  from  2-6  rows  of  4.  each ; anterior  angles  of  foot  prolonged. 
Body  vratery-white,  with  an  opaque  line  on  the  back  ; interior  of 
gills  bright  vermilion,  with  an  opaque  white  ring  near  the  tip. 
L.  25-36  ; W.  4-6.— New  Eng. 

4.  Coryphella,  Gray. 

Upper  tentacles  simple ; angles  of  foot  produced  ; middle  part 
of  jaw  denticulated. 

1.  Coryphella  rutilla , Ver.  Foot  broad,  pointed  ; front  angles  of 
the  foot  very  long ; head  small,  rounded,  often  notched  in  front ; 
mouth  large,  nearly  terminal ; gills  numerous,  long,  slender, 
slightly  fusiform,  arranged  in  8 or  10,  usually  well  separated, 
transverse  clusters,  mostly  of  2 rows  each,  6-8  in  each  row, 
clusters  crowded  in  front.  Color  yellowish-white,  translucent ; 
dorsal  tentacles  pale  yellowish,  usually  tufted  with  white;  gills 
with  vermilion  nucleus,  the  tips  flake- white.  L.  48;  W.  7 ; 
dorsal  tentacles  10 ; oral  9 ; gills  9^. 

2.  Coryphella  gymnota , Cout.  Body  slender  and  tapering  to  a 
tine  point ; head  small,  rounded,  and  with  a distinct  neck ; ten- 
tacles four,  the  oral  ones  rather  longer,  and  the  dorsal  ones  with 
very  fine  wrinkles  at  the  sides ; gills  club-shaped,  short,  arranged 
in  7 clusters  of  about  5 each,  on  each  side.  Pale,  watery-drab 
color ; gills  transparent,  but  filled  with  reddish-brown  dots.  L. 
25  ; W.  2J. — Mass.  On  sea  weeds. 

3.  Coryphella  Stimpsonii,  Yer.  Foot  broad;  auricles  small, 
short,  triangular,  often  directed  backward;  head  large,  broad, 
rounded  in  front,  with  distinct,  rounded  lateral  lobes ; tentacles 
slender;  branchiae  numerous,  crowded,  fusiform.  Color  yellow- 
ish-white with  a flake- white  line  on  the  upper  side  of  foot ; ten- 
tacles tinged  with  salmon  and  specked  with  white;  br:  nchiae  with 
salmon,  yellowish  to  reddish-brown  nucleus  and  specked  at  the 


128 


JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


tips  with  white  which  sometimes  forms  a ring.  L.  10-32. 
Mass.  Bay  and  northward. 

4.  Coryphella  Mananensis , Stim.  Foot  auricled,  not  very  broad ; 
tentacles  rather  thick,  dorsal  ones  wrinkled ; branchiae  slender, 
irregular,  and  variable  in  length,  arranged  in  clusters  along  the 
sides.  Color  of  body  pale  white ; dorsal  tentacles  brownish  with 
pale  tips  looking  as  if  hollow,  oral  ones  with  white  specks  along 
the  outer  edge ; branchiae  bright  vermilion  with  a ring  of  flake- 
white  at  the  tips.  L.35 — New  England. 

5.  Alderia,  All. 

Animal  oblong,  without  tentacles ; head  lobed  at  the  sides  ; 
gills  arranged  down  the  sides  of  the  back. 

1.  Alderia  IJarvardiensis , Ag.  Animal  square  in  front,  broad, 
lanceolate  behind ; true  tentacles  none,  but  the  lateral  prolonga- 
tions of  the  head  triangular  and  tentacular-like ; gills  short,  club- 
shaped,  arranged  in  6 or  7 clusters  on  each  side,  2 — a longer  and 
a shorter  one — in  each  cluster;  foot  twice  as  broad  as  the  body, 
so  that,  by  rolling  the  edges  upward,  the  gills  are  partially 
covered.  Ochreous  brown;  foot  yellow.  L.  12;  W.  4. — Mass. 
In  shallow  pools  of  salt  or  brackish  water. 

6.  Stiliger,  Ehr. 

Foot  rounded  in  front ; dorsal  tentacles  simple ; oral  tentacles 
tuberculiiorm ; gills  club-shaped. 

1.  Stiliger  fuscata , Gld.  Animal  terete,  gradually  tapering 
to  a fine  point  behind;  head  not  distinct,  notched  in  front;  the 
dorsal  tentacles  long  and  slender ; the  oral  ones  mere  bulgings 
on  the  head ; gills  long,  club-shaped,  quite  slender  at  base;  an 
upper  row  of  four,  on  each  side,  begins  ^ along  the  body  from 
the  front,  growing  shorter  towards  the  tail,  and  a lower  series  of 
5 or  6 smaller  ones  arranged  alternately  with  the  upper  ones  ; 
dark  slate  colored  above ; foot  pale  ochreous ; gills  black  with 
white  at  both  ends.  L.  8 ; W.  1 ; Ten.  2 ; Br.  — Ma*s.  On 
timbers. 

7.  Herivlea,  Lov. 

Animal  elongated ; tentacles  folded  longitudinally ; gills  nu- 
merous, arranged  down  the  sides  of  the  back. 

1.  Hermxa  crusiata , Ag.  Body  very  slender;  foot  narrower 
than  the  body  ; obtusely  dilated  at  the  front  angles ; head  small, 


Fam.  47.]  NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY.  129 

semicircular;  tentacles  two,  dilated  and,  obtusely  pointed;  gills 
dilated  at  the  centre,  and  with  the  dark  centres  appearing  like 
rude  crosses,  whence  the  name ; about  7 principal  ones  on  each 
side  and  8-10  intermediate,  much  smaller  ones.  L.  ; W.  . — 
Mass. 

8.  Embletonia,  A.  and  H. 

Animal  slender ; tentacles  two,  simple ; head  produced  into  a 
flat  lobe  on  each  side ; gills  simple,  subcylindrical,  in  a single 
row  down,  each  side  of  the  back. 

1.  Embletonia  fuscata,  Gld.  Animal  terete,  tapering  to  a short, 
pointed  tail ; head  large,  angles  rounded,  slightly  notched,  in 
front ; the  two  tentacles  short,  linear,  capable  of  corrugations  ; 
gills  club-shaped,  arcuate,  arranged  in  5 or  6 tufts  on  each  side ; 
2'  or  3 front  tufts  contain  3 each,  and  the  others  2,  very  unequal 
in  size ; foot  angles  not  dilated.  Pale  drab  to  slate  color,  more 
or  less  dotted.  L.  4 ; W.  §. — Mass.  On  timbers. 

2.  Embletonia  remigata , Gld.  Similar  to  the  last,  but  larger, 
lighter  in  color,  and  with  longer  gills.  Color  uniform  pale  yellow ; 
the  gills  wax-yellow  dotted  with  greenish,  and  having  a pale 
olive  centre.  L.  6;  W.  1. — Mass.  On  sea  weed. 

Family  47,  ElYSMD/E, 

Animal  with  no  distinct  breathing  organs;  respiration  per- 


formed by  the  ciliated  surface  of  the  body. 

* Wing -like  expansions  along  the  sides  of  the  body 1.  Elysia. 

* No  wing-like  expansions 2.  Limapontia. 

1.  Elysia,  Risso. 


Animal  elliptical,  depressed,  with  wing-like  lateral  expansions; 
tentacles  simple,  with  sessile  eyes  between  them  ; foot  narrow. 

1.  Elysia  chlorotica , Ag.  Body  slender,  tapering,  with  broad, 
wing-like  expansions  which  fold  over  the  back  and  overlap  while 
the  animal  is  crawling;  when  expanded,  as  in  swimming,  the 
animal  has  a leaf-like  look  ; head  and  neck  distinct,  with  two 
lanceolate,  folded  tentacles.  Emerald  green,  finely  dotted  with 
white  and  red  dots.  L.  25-40;  W.  when  folded,  I length,  when 
■ expanded,  f length. — Mass.,  in  brackish  water. 

2.  Elysia  catulus,  Ag.  (Fig.  26).  Body  ovate-lanceolate,  with 
the  lateral  expansions  § its  length,  and  not  meeting  when  ‘folded; 
bead  large,  rounded,  globose;  tentacles  two,  short,  blunt,  broad  ; 


130 


JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


back  covered  by  longitudinal  folds.  Brownish  sea-green,  with 
several  whitish  tines  and  spots.  L.  6 ; W.  2,  when  folded. — 
Mass. 

2.  Limapontia,  Joht. 

Animal  minute,  leach-like;  head  truncated  in  front,  with  eyes 
on  arched,  lateral  ridges ; foot  linear. 

1.  Limapontia  zonata , Gir.  Body  depressed,  without  the  lateral,, 
wing-like  expansions,  thus  its  appearance  is  like  that  of  the  land 
slugs  ; mantle  distinct ; head  somewhat  separated  from  the  body, 
and  with  crest-like  ridges  on  the  sides ; eyes  large,  sessile,  on  the 
back  of  the  head,  in  pale,  circular  spaces.  Pale  reddish  color,, 
with  transverse  bands  of  white.  Minute,  hardly  2 long. — Mass. 

Order  PULMONATA. 

This  division  includes  all  the  land  and  fresh  water  mollusks 
which  breathe  air.  The  few  species  included  in  this  work  live  on 
the  mud  flats  near  shore,  sometimes  below  high  water  mark,  and 
so,  in  a sense,  may  be  considered  marine.  Th.e  breathing  organ, 
in  the  form  of  an  air  sack,  or  dorsal  cavity  lined  with  a vascular 
network,  is  placed  in  front  of  the  heart.  All  belong  to  the  sub- 
order Basommatophora  which  have  eyes  at  the  bases  of  the  two 
flattened,  triangular  or  subcylindrical,  contractile  but  not  in- 
vertible tentacles;  no  operculum. 

Family  48.  AUR1CULID/L 

Shell  spiral,  solid,  usually  thick ; spire  elevated ; aperture 
usually  elongated,  contracted  by  teeth.  Animal  with  the  foot 
elongated,  pointed ; sessile  eyes  at  the  inner  bases  of  the  ten- 
tacles ; head  extended  beyond  the  tentacles  with  more  or  less 
of  a rounded,  two  lobed  snout ; hermaphrodite. 

* Shell  over  6 long  ; inhabiting  the  seashore  between  tides.  (A). 


A.  Aperture  about  \ the  length  of  the  shell 1.  Alexia . 

A.  Aperture  more  than  J the  length 2.  Melampus. 


1.  Alexia,  Gray.  , 

Shell  oblong-oval,  thin ; spire  acuminate ; last  whorl  large, 
rounded  at  base;  columella  with  an  oblique  plait;  aperture  con- 
tracted by  teeth. 

1.  Alexia  myosotis , Drap.  Elongated  ovate,  thin,  smooth,  shin- 
ing, with  acute  apex ; whorls  slightly  convex ; the  last  f of  the 
whole  length  ; aperture  long  and  narrow,  acute  above  ; lip  thin 


Fam.  49.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


131 


slightly  reflected  over  the  minute,  perforated  umbilicus  ; on  the 
inner  lip,  the  adult  shell  has  3 white  folds  or  teeth,  the  lower 
one  formed  by  the  turning  of  the  lip  within  the  aperture,  the 
second  one  thin,  transverse  and  prominent,  the  third  minute. 
Dark  horn  color,  the  suture  narrowly  banded  with  red.  Animal 
light  drab,  head  and  tentacles  darker ; foot  J as  long  and  wide 
as  the  shell.  L.  8;  D.  3£ ; An.  40;  Wh.  7-8;  Ap.  J.—  Whole 
coast ; common  on  wood  and  stones  between  tides. 

2.  Melampus,  Month 

Shell  suboval,  solid ; spire  rather  short.;  aperture  long  and 
narrow  ; columella  with  several  plications  ; outer  lip  internally 
plicate. 

1.  Melampus  lineatus,  Say.  (Figs.  46  to  48).  Shell  imperforate, 

elliptically  obovate,  rather  thin,  shining  when  perfect,  usually 
much  eroded  ; spire  short,  obtuse  ; surface  longitudinally  wrin- 
kled, and  marked  with  minute  revolving  lines;  upper  whorls 
flattened , aperture  long,  narrow,  slowly  widening  below ; lip 
thin  and  sharp;  inner  lip  covered  with  a thin,  shining  enamel, 
and  furnished  with  two  fold-like  teeth  ; within  the  outer  lip  there 
are  usually  1-4  ridges  not  reaching  to  the  edge.  Horn  color,  or 
brownish,  sometimes  with  reddish  revolving  bands:  Animal 

reddish-brown  above,  paler  below ; foot  as  long  and  wide  as  the 
shell.  L.  11;  D.  6;  An.  80°;  Wh.  5-6;  Ap.  f — Whole  coast. 
Common  on  marshes  sometimes  overflowed  b}^  the  tide. 

2.  Melampus  bidentatus , Mont.  May  possibly  be  found  on 
the  coast.  It  is  a smaller  shell  with  the  aperture  much  shorter 
in  proportion  and  the  spire  more  acute.  L.  7 ; D.  3 ; An.  40°  ; 
Wh.  6;  Ap.  f. 

Order  CTENOBRANOHIATA. 

Mollusks  with  comb-form  branchiae ; that  is,  composed  of  leaf- 
lets arranged  like  the  teeth  of  a cOmb,  and  situated  in  a cavity 
having  an  external  opening  upon  the  side  of  the  neck.  Sexes 
in  different  individuals  (dioecious).  Shell  spiral. 

Family  49.  TEREBRiD/E. 

Represented  only  by  the  genus  : — 

1.  Terebra,  Brug. 

Shell  long,  narrow,  manv-whorled  ; aperture  deeply  notched  in 
front,  and  no  true  columellar  plaits ; operculum  annular,  horny, 


132 


JOURNAL  OF  TIIE  NEW  JERSEY 


with  apical  nucleus.  Animal  has  a foot  rounded  in  front,  angu- 
lated  behind;  head  large,  with  short,  small  tentacles;  eyes  at  or 
near  the  tips  of  the  tentacles,  or  wanting  ; between  the 'tentacles 
extends  a rather  long,  cylindrical  trunk. 

1.  Terebra  dislocata.  Say.  Shell  polished,  attenuated;  whorls 
flat,  with  15-18  ribs  to  each,  which  are  dislocated  "or  interrupted 
above,  near  the  suture,  by  a revolving  groove  as  deep  as  the 
suture ; numerous,  minute,  impressed,  revolving  lines  also  on 
the  whorls.  Color  chocolate  brown,  with  a pale,  revolving  band 
ribs  white.  L.  44 ; D.  8;  An.  17°;  Wh.  13;  Ap.J — Md.  and 
south. 

Family  50.  PLEUROTQiVliD/E. 

Shell  fusiform  ; aperture  with  a canal  at  the  anterior  end  and 
a notch  at  the  posterior  end  near  the  suture.  Operculum  often 
absent,  if  present  horny  and  annular.  Animal  with  tentacles 


wide  apart,  the  eyes  at  the  outer  bases. 

* Shell  with  operculum 1.  Bela . 

* Shell  without  operculum. 2.  Mangilia. 


4.  Bela,  Gray. 

Shell  oval,  fusiform,  thin;  spire  produced;  canal  short;  notch 
small,  near  the  suture;  columella  flattened;  operculum  pointed 
at  both  ends. 

1.  Bela harpularia,  Cout.  Shell  ovate-oblong;  whorls  round 
and  shouldered,  with  about  18  oblique,  rounded  ribs,  crossed  by 
fine  revolving  lines ; ribs  disappearing  on  the  lower  part  of 
body  whorl;  aperture  narrow,  outer  lip  sharp,  inner  lip  white, 
smooth  ; canal  very  short.  Brownish  flesh  color.  L.  16;  D.  8;. 
An.  35°  ; Wh.  6-8;  Ap.  f. — N.  Y.  and  north. 

2.  Mangilia,  Risso. 

Shell  fusiform,  mostly  longitudinally  ribbed;  spire  elongated, 
turriculated,  acuminated ; canal  short,  more  or  less  truncated ; 
columella  smooth  ; sinus  near  the  suture.  No  operculum. 

1.  Mangilia  plicosa , C.  B.  Adams.  Shell  small,  elongated-ovate, 
somewhat  turreted ; lower  whorl  two  thirds  the  length  of  the 
shell,  with  about  12,  somewhat  oblique  rib-like  folds  crossed  by 
10  or  more  elevated  revolving  threads;  aperture  narrow;  outer 
lip  greatly  thickened  by  one  of  the  ribs;  the  notch  at  the  pos- 
terior part  deep,  distinct,  smooth.  Ashy-white  color.  L,  6 ; D. 
3 ; An.  45°  ; Wh.  6 ; Ap.  \ nearly. — Cape  Cod  and  south. 


.'Pam.  52.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


l3o 


2.  Mangilia  bicarinata , Cout.  Shell  tapering  about  equally 
at  both  ends;  whorls  convex,  with  numerous  distinct  revolving 
lines,  and,  between  them  smaller  ones  ; about  the  middle  of  the 
whorl,  there  is  a deep  groove  with  a prominent  line  on  each  side ; 
aperture  narrow,  elliptical,  with  a slight  notch  at  the  posterior 
end;  outer  lip  thin,  toothed  by  the  revolving  lines.  Whitish 
slate-color,  or  dusky  brown.  L.  10;  D.  5 ; An.  40°;  Wh.  6;  Ap. 
i. — Arctic  Seas  to  N.  J. 

3.  Mangilia  cerina , Kurtz  & Stim.  Shell  fusiformly  tur- 
reted,  with  about  10  elevated  ribs,  and  numerous,  revolving 
stride ; aperture  oblong;  lip  sharp  with  a decided  angle  and 
notch  at  the‘posterior  fourth.  Waxy  or  ashy.  L.  6J;  D.  2J ; 
An.  25°  ; Wh.  7 ; Ap.  J. — Cape  Cod  and  south.  Rare. 

Family  51.  FASCIOLARID/E, 

Shell  spindle  or  pear-shaped ; spire  acute ; aperture  elongated- 
oval,  with  a moderate  to  long,  open,  straight  canal ; columella 
smooth  or  very  slightly  folded  Animal  rather  small,  retractile 
to  about  a third  of  a whorl  from  the  aperture. 

1.  Fulgur,  Montf. 

Shell  pear-shaped,  rather  thin,  the  whorls  angulated  and  spin- 
ous or  nodulous ; body  whorl  large,  attenuated  below  into  a long, 
twisted  canal.  Animal  rather  small,  retractile,  with  its  opercu- 
lum, far  within  the  aperture. 

/ 1.  Fulgur  canaliculatus , L.  Shell  large,  pear-shaped,  covered 

with  revolving  lines,  and  a hairy  epidermis  ; whorls  shouldered, 
outer  edge  nodular,  and  a broad  canal  at  the  suture.  L.  150  ; 
D.  80  ; An.  90°;  Wh.  6 ; Ap.  f ; canal  f of  Ap. — Mass,  and  south. 
Very  common. 

^ 2.  Fulgur  carica , Gml.  Shell  large,  solid,  pear-shaped  ; whorls 

flattened  at  the  summit,  and  the  angle  raised  into  a series  of 
compressed  tubercles,  about  9 in  number,  on  each  revolution.  L- 
150;  D.  75;  An.  85°;  Wh.  6 ; Ap.  f;  canal  2 of  Ap.  Mass 
and  south.  Common. 

3.  Fulgur  perversa , L.  Shell  much  like  the  last  but  reversed, 
forming  a sinistral  shell.  It  grows  to  the  length  of  over  300. 
Its  northern  limit  is  about  Cape  Hatteras. 

Family  52.  BUCCINID/E. 

Shell  ovate  to  pear-shaped,  rather  thin  ; spire  elevated  ; canal 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


moderate  and  twisted  ; columella  smooth  ; operculum  ovate,  nu- 


cleus near  the  edge. 

* Canal  very  short . ,„.l.  Buccinum. 

* Canal  about  one  third  of  aperture , 2.  Sipho. 


1.  Buccinum,  L.  ,{ 

Shell  ovate  or  oblong,  covered  with  a horny  epidermis ; spire 

elevated,  apex  acute ; aperture  large,  oval,  with  a wide  and  very 
short,  anterior  canal ; lips  smooth  internally. 

1.  Buccinum  undatum , L.  Shell  thick,  ovate-conic,  ventricose, 
with  12  or  13,  obliquely-waved,  elevated  ribs,  and  many  revolv- 
ing raised  lines ; whorls  regularly  convex ; minute  striae  extend 
some  distance  within  the  oval  aperture,  and  form  crenulations 
on  the  outer  lip.  Epidermis  velvety,  yellowish-brown,  aperture 
golden  yellow.  L.  60 ; D.  35 ; An.  65° ; Wh.  6 ; Ap.  \ ; canal 
very  short. — N.  J.  and  north.  Quite  common  north  of  Cape 
Cod. 

2.  Sipho,  Klein. 

Shell  pear-shaped ; whorls  rounded,  usually  smooth,  never 
tuberculate  or  spiny ; spire  moderate ; canal  produced  and  re- 
curved. 

1.  Sipho  Stimpsoni,  Morch.  (Figs.  32,  33).  Shell  elongated, 
svmmetrically  fusiform;  spire  attenuated  to  the  apex;  whorls 
slightly  convex  ; body  whorl  covered  with  40-50,  small,  revolv- 
ing ridges  ; near  the  outer  lip.  these  give  place  to  vertical,  sinuous 
striae;  aperture  oblong  ovate.  Epidermis  horn  brown,  inside 
pearly -white.  Animal  white,  with  irregular  black  spots.  L.  70  ; 
D.  27  ; An.  50°  ; Wh.  8 ; Ap.  over  J ; canal  J of  Ap.— Mass,  and 
north.  A deep  water  shell,  occasionally  thrown  oh  the  beach. 

2.  Sipho  pygmxus , Gld.  Shell  same  shape  and  markings  as 
above.  Animal  pure  white.  L.  25 ; D.  11;  An.  38°;  Wh.  6; 
Ap.  f ; canal  J of  Ap. — Mass,  and  north.  Deep  water. 

Family  53.  NASSID/E. 

Shell  ovate,  spire  usually  elongated ; aperture  with  a notch 
or  a short  recurved  canal ; inner  lip  usually  callous ; operculum 
horny,  with  nucleus  at  one  end.  Animal  with  two  tails  at  the 
posterior  extremity. 

Nassa,  Lam. 

Shell  ovate ; aperture  ovate  with  a short,  recurved,  truncated, 
anterior  canal;  inner  lip  smooth ; outer  lip  dentated,  and  internal- 


Fam.  54.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


135 


Iv  crenulated  with  a few  small  teeth  at  some  distance  fiom  the 
edge.  Animal  with  a broad  head,  and  a foot  notched  behind, 
and  often  prolonged  into  two  subulate  tails.  These  animals  are 
very  active,  and  not  at  all  shy  when  kept  in  confinement. 

1.  Nassa  obsolete  Say.  (Fig. .45).  Shell  solid;  apex  eroded; 
spire  short  ; whorls  flattened  convex ; surface  covered  with 
numerous,  unequal  revolving  lines  which  are  crossed  by  numer- 
ous oblique  folds,  giving  the  surface,  when  the  greenish,  mould- 
like plants  are  removed,  a reticulated  appearance.  Dark  reddish- 
brown,  purplish  within.  Animal  mottled  with  slate-color  ; foot 
equal  to  the  shell  in  length.  L.  25;  I).  12;  An.  55°;  Wh.  6;  Ap. 
i — Whole  coast.  Very  abundant  on  mud  flats. 

2.  Nassa  -trivittata,  Say.  (Fig.  36).  Spire  elevated,  acute; 
whorls  flattened,  and  with  a conspicuous  shoulder  at  tne  suture  , 
whole  surface  covered  with  a network  of  granules  formed  by 
revolving  lines  and  ribs  ; about  10  revolving  lines  on  the  body 
whorl.  Greenish  or  yellowish-white,  sometimes  banded  on  body 
whorl.  Animal  whitish,  sparsely  dotted  with  pale  lilac.  L.  18  ; 
D.  8 ; An.  45°  ; Wh.'7  ; Ap.  f.— Whole  coast.  Common. 

3.  Nassa  vibex , Say.  Shell  thick,  ovate-conic;  spire  short, 
acute;  body  whorl  witn  from  10-12  undulating  ribs  which  are 
continued  to  the  apex,  and  about  the  same  number  of  revolving 
lines  which  are  most  distinct  on  the  ribs  ; outer  lip  tnickened  and 
with  2-5  teeth  within;  pillar  very  concave,  and  with  much 
callus.  Color  ashy-white  to  pale  reddish-brown,  with  darker 
revolving  bands.  Animal  about  \ longer  than  shell,  light  colored, 
and  mottled.  L.  13;  D.  8;  An.  67°;  Wh.  6;  Ap.  I •—Cape  Cod 
and  south.  Rather  rare. 

Family  54.  GOLUMBELLID/E. 

Shell  oval,  covered  with  an  epidermis;  spire  generally  short; 
aperture  narrow,  elongated,  ending  in  a very  short  anterior  canal, 
inner  lip  usualty  dentate ; outer  lip  generally  thick.  Animal 
with  a large  flattened  head ; foot  narrow  ; operculum  very  small. 

1.  Columbella,  Lam. 

Shell  elongated  ; aperture  narrow,  with  a short,  anterior  canal ; 
inner  lip,  crenulated  to  smooth;  outer  lip  inflected,  internally 
thickened,  and  somewhat  crenulated. 

1.  Columbella  avara , Say.  Shell  fusiform,  widest  but  little  be- 

- iAXkA*  <VaA'0l>7 


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low  the  middle;  spire  acute;  whorls  flattened,  the  first  three 
smooth,  the  last,  with  10-15,  smooth,  obtusely  rounded  ribs, 
separated  by  wider,  concave  spaces,  and  covered. b}^  revolving 
stride ; these  ribs  gradually  disappear  below  the  middle  where 
they  are  replaced  by  many,  deep  revolving  grooves.  L.  12 ; D, 
5J;  An.  36°;  Wh.  9-10;  Ap.  f. — Mass,  and  south.  More  abun- 
dant south. 

2.  Columbella  lunata,  Say.  Shell  ovate-conic;  whorls  slightly 
convex  ; suture  shallow;  surface  smooth,  except  a single,  revolv- 
ing line  below  the  suture,  and  a few  around  the  base ; aperture 
oval,  outer  lip  toothed  within.  Color  reddish-brown,  with  two 
rows  of  crescent-shaped,  whitish  spots  on  the  whorls ; outer  lip 
dark-brown.  L.  5 ; D.  2J  ; An.  43°  ; Wh.  6;  Ap.  f. — Mass,  and 
south.  Common  south  of  Cape  Cod. 

3.  Columbella  rosacea , Gld.  Shell  acutely  conic,  covered  with 
minute,  revolving  lines;  lip  sharp  and  without  teeth.  White, 
tinged  with  rose.  L.  7;  D.  3 ; An.  35°;  Wh.  6;  Ap,  f. — -New 
England.  In  rather  deep  water. 

Family  55.  MU  RIGID  /E. 

Shell  turreted,  with  an  anterior  canal;  the  whorls  thickened  by 
longitudinal  ribs  or  nodules  at  each  rest  period  in  its  growth. 


Operculum  with  marginal  nucleus. 

* Whorls  rounded.  (A.) 

A.  Longitudinal  ribs  very  distinct 1.  Urosalpinx. 

A.  Revolving  furrows  very  distinct 3.  Purpura. 

* Whorls  angulated 2.  Eupleura. 


1.  Urosalpinx,  Stim. 


Shell  elongated  oval,  with  about  10  rounded,  longitudinal 
ribs;  canal  short,  broad. 

^ ' Urosalpinx  cinerea,  Sav.  (Fig.  35).  Shell  oval;  fusiform, 
with  convex  whorls,  crossed  by  about  12  rib- like  undulations, 
and  with  numerous,  revolving,  lines;  aperture  oval,  outer  lip 
sharp;  canal  short.  Color  reddish-brown,  covered  with  ashy- 
gray  pigment,  brownish  within.  L.  25;  D.  15;  An.  50°  ; Wh. 
5-6;  Ap.  -J;  canal  nearly  J Ap. — Whole  coast.  Common  on 
rocks,  especially  southward. 

2.  Eupleura,  Adams. 

- Shell  elongated,  with  about  10  longitudinal  ridges  or  varices  ; 
aperture  oval,  with  a long%  narrow,  straight,  anterior  canal. 


Fam.  56.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


137 


1.  Eupleura  cauclata , Say.  (Fig.  37).  Shell  solid,  with  angu- 
lated  whorls  traversed  by  11  stout  rihs  crossed  by  numerous  re- 
volving lines;  lip  thick,  bordered  within  by  raised  granules; 
canal  long,  straight,  narrow.  Reddish-brown,  white,  or  bluish 
within  ; operculum  chestnut.  Animal  nearly  white  ; foot  yellow. 
L.  25;  D.  15;  An.  60°;  Wh.  5;  Ap. 'f;  canal  J Ap. — Mass,  and 
south. 

3.  Purpura,  Brug. 

Shell  oblong-oval,  last  whorl  large  ; spire  short ; aperture  large, 
with  a very  short,  oblique  canal  or  notch  ; columella  flattened. 

1.  Purpura  lapillus , L.  (Fig.  34).  Shell  thick  and  solid, 
ovate ; spire  short,  acute ; whorls  covered  with  deep,  revolving 
furrows  and  ridges,  usually  crossed  by  raised,  scale-like  wrinkles 
of  growth  ; lip  arched,  and  subacute,  with  obscure,  revolving 
ridges  within  the  margin.  Color  varies  from  white  and  yellow 
to  dark-red,  often  banded.  Animal  white.  L.  25-30  ; D.  14-17  ; 
An.  60°-90° ; Wh.  5-6;  Ap.  §-f  . — Whole  coast.  Local  south 
of  Cape  Cod  ; abundant  north. 

Family  56.  SCALAR! D/E. 

A small  family  of  mainly  the  one  genus : — 

1.  Scala,  Humph. 

Shell  usually  pure  white  and  lustrous,  turreted,  many  whorled ; 
whorls  round,  ornamented  with  numerous  raised,  longitudinal 
ribs  ; aperture  round  ; peristome  -continuous  ; operculum  horny, 
few- whorled. 

Animal  with  a retractile,  proboscis-like  mouth  ; tentacles  close 
together,  long  and  pointed,  with  the  eyes  at  their  outer  bases. 
Animal  exudes  a purple  fluid  when  molested. 


* Species  of  large  size  over  15  long,  with  8-15  ribs 1-3. 

* Species  under  15  long,  with  15-20  ribs 4,  5 . 


1.  Scala  Sayana , Dali,  Shell  long  conic;  whorls  in  contact 
and  crossed  by  9 well  marked  ribs  which  are  continuous  to  the 
apex  ; spaces  between  polished,  smooth  ; anterior  margin  of  lip 
rounded.  White  with  a smooth  translucent,  palerbrown  nucleus 
of  about  3 whorls.  L.  16;  D.  6 ; An.  25°;  Wrh.  9;  Ap.  L—  Va. 
and  south. 

2.  Scala  angulata , Say.  Shell  conic,  turreted  ; whorls  touching 
each  other  only  by  the  ribs;  ribs  9 to  each  whorl,  prominent, 


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simple,  oblique ; no  umbilicus.  While.  L.  15-20;  D.  6-8;  Am 
33°;  Wh.  6-11  ; Ap.  J. — Conn,  and  south.  Rare  north  of  New 
Jersey. 

3.  Scala  Grcenlandica , Perry.  Shell  with  whorls  touching  and 
having  8-15  stout,  oblique  ribs,  with  intervening,  coarse  ridges, 
and  7 or  8 revolving  lines;  the  ribs  do  not  end  abruptly  at  the 
suture,  but  extend  from  whorl  to  whorl.  Aperture  bordered  by 
a rib  which  is  notched  at  the  base ; no  umbilicus.  L.  25 ; D.  9 ; 
An,  35°  ; Wh.  10  ; Ap.  J — Cape  Cod  and  north.  Common  north. 

4.  Scala  lineata , Say.  Shell  long-conic,  pointed,  with  17-19, 
obtuse,  stout,  little  elevated  ribs  on  the  body  whorl,  the  ribs  con- 
tinued on  the  other  whorls;  the  body  whorl  also  has  a raised, 
revolving  line  above  a reddish-brown  band;  no  umbilicus; 
whorls  touching.  White,  tinged  with  brownish.  L.  12;  D.  5; 
An.  36°;  Wh.  8;  Ap.  — Whole  extent.  Rather  common  south. 

5.  Scala  multistriatd.  Say.  Shell  conic;  apex  pointed ; whorls 
in  contact;  body  whorl  with  about  16,  regular,  simple,  moder- 
ately elevated  ribs;  spaces  with  numerous,  impressed,  revolving 
lines;  no  umbilicus.  White;  nucleus  pale,  glassy,  few  whorled. 
L.  13;  D.  5;  An.  30°  ; Wh.  8;  Ap.  J. — Mass,  and  south. 

- Family  57.  PYRAM I DELL!  D/E. 

Shell  white,  slender,  elongated,  many  whorled,  mostly  longi- 
tudinally ribbed  or  spirally  striate;  operculum  horny,  subspiral. 


* Columella  without  a fold A.  Turbonilla. 

* Columella  with  an  oblique  fold.  (A..) 

A.  Whorls  not  spirally  grooved 2.  Syrnola. 

A.  Whorls  with  1-15  revolving  lines  or  grooves 3.  Odostomia . 

1.  Turbonilla,  Risso. 


Shell  slender,  many  whorled;  whorls  plaited  ; apex  sinistral ; 
aperture  simple,  ovate ; peristome  incomplete ; columella  not 
plaited.  Most  of  the  species  of  Turbonilla  are  deep  wTater  shells, 
and  are  not  here  described  as  they  are  found  only  by  dredging, 
and  in  the  stomachs  of  fishes. 

1.  Turbonilla  interrupts , Tot.  Shell  small,  slender;  whorls 
almost  flat,  with  20-30  obtuse  ribs  crossed  b}^  about  14 — ap- 
parently 7 — revolving  lines  interrupted  by  the  ribs ; a slight 
shoulder  on  the  whorls  makes  the  suture  .distinct;  aperture 
ovate,  angular  above.  Whitish-brown  or  amber-colored,  glossy. 


Fam.  57.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


139 


L.  8 ; D.  3;  An.  12°;  Wh.  10;  Ap.  f. — Mass,  and  south.  Not 
rare. 

2.  Turbonilla  elegans , Ver.  Shell  elongated,  slender  acute; 
whorls  well  rounded ; suture  rather  deep ; surface  somewhat 
shining  with  numerous  longitudinal  ribs  which  are  not  oblique, 
and  fine  revolving  grooves  interrupted  by  the  ribs ; the  lower 
half  of  the  body-whorl  has  only  the  revolving  lines ; aperture 
broad  oval ; outer  lip  thin,  sharp.  Epidermis  thin,  light-yellow. 
L.  9;  D.  2J;  An.  18;  Wh.  10;  Ap.  f. — Mass,  and  south. 

2.  Syrnola,  A.  Ad. 

Shell  subulate,  straight,  virteous,  banded,  polished ; whorls  flat; 
suture  impressed ; aperture  oblong,  inner  lip  obliquely  plicate  in 
the  middle. 

1.  Syrnola  producta,  C.  B.  Ad.  Shell  conic-cylindrical ; whorls 
nearly  flat;  tip  blunted,  as  if  one  or  more  whorls  were  removed  ; 
columella  flexuous  ; no  umbilicus.  Epidermis  light-brown.  L. 
6;  D.  If;  An.  12°;  Wh.  8 or  more;  Ap.  f. — Mass,  to  N.  J. 

2.  Syrnola  fusca , C.  B.  Ad.  Shell  subelongated,  conical,  thin 
and  horny;  spire  obtuse;  whorls  slightly  convex;  suture 
strongly  impressed;  aperture  broad,  acutely  angular  above,  and 
dilated  in  the  middle ; fold  on  the  pillar  lip  far  within,  or  obso- 
lete; an  umbilical  indentation  about  the  middle  of  the  inner  lip. 
Epidermis  shining-brown.  L.  6 ; D.  If  ; An.  25°  ; Wh.  6 ; Ap.  J. 
— Cape  Cod  to  N.  J. 

3.  Odostomia,  Flemg, 

Shell  conical  elongated;  aperture  ovate;  lips  disunited  pos- 
teriorly, and  sometimes  produced  in  front ; pillar  with  a tooth- 
like fold.  Operculum  horny,  indented  on  the  inner  side. 

1.  Odostomia  bisuturalis , Say.  Shell  ovate-conical,  apex  rather 
obtuse;  whorls  flattened,  with  almost  always  an  impressed  line 
revolving  below  the  suture,  making  it  appear  double;  columella 
with  an  obtuse  fold.  Surface  smooth,  light-green  under  a brown- 
ish epidermis.  L.  5 ; D.  2 J;  An.  35°;  Wh.  5-6;  Ap.  J. — Mass, 
to  N.  J.  Common  under  stones  at  low  water. 

2.  Odostomia  trifida , Tot.  Shell  acutely  pointed,  smooth  and 
glossy  ; whorls  flat,  with  about  6 impressed,  revolving  lines ; the 
one  above  and  the  next  two  below  the  suture  much  more  dis- 
tinct, making  three  characteristic  lines  at  the  suture ; pillar  lip 


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with  a single,  sharp,  oblique  fold.  Ivory  or  soiled  white.  L.  5 ; 
D.  2;  An.  23°;  Wh.  8;  Ap.  J — New  Jersey  and  north.  Com- 
mon under  rocks  and  stones. 

3.  Odostomia  seminuda , C.  B.  Ad.  Shell  acute-conic,  with 
coarse,  revolving  lines  crossed  by  longitudinal  ones,  giving  the 
surface  a granulated  appearance,  except  the  lower  half  of  body- 
whorl,  which  has  only  revolving  lines ; outer  lip  thin  and  scal- 
loped by  the  revolving  lines.  Glossy  white,  translucent.  L.  4 ; 
D.  2;  An.  30°  ; Wh.  6-7 ; Ap.  J — Mass,  and  south.  Common. 

4.  Odostomia  impressa,  Say.  Body  whorl  with  ten  deeply  scul- 
ptured, revolving  lines  on  the  lower  half,  and  five  distinct,  revolv- 
ing lines  on  the  upper  half;  about  four  on  the  next  whorl,  and 
less  on  the  rest ; aperture  ovate,  acute  above,  effuse  below. 
Soiled-white,  the  lines  rufous.  L.  5;  I).  If;  An.  24°;  Wh.  6; 
Ap.  — Cape  Cod  and  south. 

Family  58.  TRI FORI D/t. 

A small  family  of  elongated,  turreted  sinistral  shells  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  : — 

1.  Triforis,  Desh. 

Shell  similar  in  form  and  sculpture  to  the  Cerithiidse,  but 
sinistral.  * 

Animal  with  tentacles  club-shaped  at  the  tips  and  united  at 
their  bases  by  a sinuated  veil. 

Triforis  perversa,  L.  var.  nigrocincta,  Ad.  Shell  conic-cylindri- 
cal, with  three  revolving  series  of  granules  ;r  whorls  reversed  ; 
canal  twisted,  about  ^ as  long  as  the  aperture ; reddish  black  ; 
columella  black ; a black,  spiral  belt  in  faded  shells.  L.  7 ; D. 
If;  An.  23°;  Wh.  12;  Ap.  — Mass,  and  south. 

Family  59.  CERITHIOPSID/E. 

Shell  spiral,  elongated,  many  whorled,  frequently  with  many 
longitudinal  ribs ; aperture  with  an  anterior  canal  and  a less 
distinct  posterior  one ; lip  generally  expanded  in  the  adult ; 
operculum  horny  and  spiral.  Animal  with  a retractile  proboscis. 

1.  Seila,  A.  Adams. 

Shell  elongated,  turreted,  many  whorled ; aperture  small  with 
a crooked  canal  in  front ; whorls  flattened  and  granular,  with 
rounded  nodules  formed  by  ridges  of  growth  and  spiral  lines 
crossing  each  other;  operculum  subtriangular.  Animal  with 


Fain.  60.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


141 


short  stout  tentacles  and  eyes  on  their  outer  bases ; foot  very 
short,  indented  in  front  and  rounded  behind. 

1.  Seila  terebraUs,  C.  B.  Ad.  Shell  long,  conical;  whorls  flat- 
tened, with  3 or  4 revolving  ridges  on  each,  and  numerous,  fine, 
longitudinal  lines  between  them ; aperture  oval ; base  abrupt. 
Reddish-brown.  L.  12;  D.  3;  Am  18°;  Wh.  10-12;  Ap.  h— 
Mass. 

2.  Cerithiopsis,  Forbes  and  Hanly. 

Shell  nearly  as  in  Seila;  operculum  paucispiral,  somewhat 
concave,  smooth  outside,  of  3 or  4 whorls.  Animal  with  foot 
and  tentacles  much  more  elongated  than  in  Seila. 

1.  Cerithiopsis  Greenii , C.  B.  Ad.  Shell  conic-cylindrical,  with 
20-25,  slightly  elevated  ribs  on  the  body  whorl,  and  crossed  by 
3,  revolving,  impressed  lines  on  nearly  all  the  whorls,  forming 
three  series  of  granules ; aperture  nearly  circular ; canal  short 
and  deep.  Reddish-black.  L.  5 ; D.  1^;  An.  30°;  Wh.  10-12; 
Ap.  f.  Mass,  and  south. 

2.  Cerithiopsis  subulata , Montagu.  Shell  long,  conical ; whorls 
flat,  each  with  three  rows  of  granules ; suture  very  deeply  im- 
pressed ; aperture  subquadrate ; canal  less  than  \ the  length  of 
the  aperture,  columella  twisted.  Color  dark  reddish-brown. 
Animal  with  a long,  small  foot,  truncate  in  front,  and  notched 
behind  ; very  light  colored,  with  flecks  of  opaque  white.  L.  13  ; 
D.  3;  An.  20°;  Wh.  17;  Ap.  -J-. — New  England. 

Family  60.  CERITHIID/E. 

Shells  very  similar  to  those  of  the  preceeding  family,  but  the 
proboscis  of  the  animal  is  only  contractile  instead  of  being  re- 
tractile. 

1.  Bittium,  Leach. 

Shell  elevated,  with  numerous  granulated  whorls  and  irregular 
varices ; anterior  canal  short  and  not  recurved  ; outer  lip  not  re- 
curved ; operculum  4 whorled. 

1.  Bittium  alternatum , Say.  Shell  acute,  conic,  thin;  whorls 
with  a distinct  shoulder  formed  by  a series  of  granules  ; surface 
granular  from  the  crossing  of  slightly  elevated  ribs  and  spiral 
lines  ; the  ribs,  about  20  in  number,  disappear  on  the  lower  half 
of  the  body-whorl,  leaving  there  about  6,  elevated,  revolving 
lines ; suture  deeply  impressed  ; lip  sharp,  modified  by  the  re- 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


volving  lines.  Bluish  to  reddish-black.  L.  6 ; D.  2 ; An.  28°; 
Wh.  7 ; Ap.  J. — Mass.  Bay  to  Sandy  Hook. 

2.  Bittium  varium , Pfr.  Shell  very  similar  to  the  last,  but 
growing  larger  south  of  Cape  Hatteras  ; takes  the  place  of  it  fiom 
Md.  and  south. 

Family  61.  C/ECID/E. 

A small  family  of  the  one  genus : — 

1.  Caecum,  Flemg. 

Young  shell  spiral  in  one  plane,  afterwards,  a curved  tube 
closed  by  a convex  partition  where  the  spiral  portion  has  been 
lost.  Animal  with  a long,  flat  rostrum,  and  sessile  eyes  behind 
the  short  tentacles ; foot  short,  narrow. 

1.  Cxcum  pulchellum*  Stirn.  Shell  tubular,  slightly  cuived, 
contracted  at  both  extremities,  with  about  25  rounded  rings.  L. 
2J;  D.  — Mass,  and  south. 

2.  Cxcum  Cooper.i , Smith.  Shell  tubular,  slightly  curved,  with 
about  12  longitudinal,  elevated  lines;  the  spaces  between  are 
wider  than  the  lines  and  have  transverse  grooves.  L.  3 ; D.  f . — 
Mass,  and  south.  Rare. 

Family  62.  VERM ET! D/E. 

Shell  tubular,  attached,  sometimes  regularly  spiral  when 
young,  always  irregular  when  adult;  aperture  round.  Animal 
with  rudimentary  foot  and  long  head. 

1.  Vermetus,  Adanson. 

Shell  irregularly  spiral  or  contorted,  tubular,  free  or  attached 
on  one  side ; operculated. 

1.  Vermetus  radicula,  Stim.  Shell  regularly  spiral  when  young, 
irregularly  tubular  in  its  later  growth,  with  numerous,  unequal, 
raised  lines  extending  its  entire  length  ; the  spiral  portion  has 
about  8 wdiorls  (this  part  12  long)  the  rest  of  the  shell  may  ex- 
tend 200.  Animal  wTith  rudimentary  foot,  long  head,  and  re- 
tractile proboscis.  Animal  light-brown  spotted  wflth  black. — 
Mass,  and  south.  Not  rare  south. 

Family  63.  LITTORINID/E. 

Shell  spiral,  top-shaped  or  globular;  lip  not  notched  ; interior 
not  pearly  ; operculum  horny,  spiral  or  slightly  so.  Animals  in- 
habiting salt,  brakish  or  fresh  water.  They  are  mostly  littoral, 
feeding  on  algae. 


Fam.  63.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


143 


* Umbilicus  none. 1.  Littorina. 

* Umbilicus  a deep  groove 2.  Lacuna . 


1.  Littorina,  Fer.  The  Periwinkles. 

Shell  top-shaped,  thick,  pointed,  few  whorled  ; aperture  round- 
ed, outer  lip  sharp;  columella  rather  flattened,  imperforate; 
operculum  paucispiral. 

1.  Littorina  metis , Don.  Shell  very  variable,  heavy  to  medium, 
coarse  to  smooth,  subovate,  ventricose,  with  a somewhat  pointed 
spire ; whorls  convex,  covered  with  more  or  less  distinct,  revolv- 
ing, elevated  lines,  10  or  12  on  the  body  whorl,  with  the  inter- 
vening spaces  finely  reticulated.  The  heavy,  coarse  shells  have 
the  outer  lip  bevelled  within  to  a sharp  edge  w7hich  is  rendered 
denticulate  by  the  revolving  lines.  Color  yellow,  orange,  black, 
brown,  green,  or  reddish,  usually  uniform,  occasionally  banded 
or  mottled.  Animal  with  olive-colored  head,  and  an  olive  line 
on  sides  of  the  foot.  L.  14;  D.  7-10  ; An.  60o-70o;  Wh.  5-6  ; 
Ap.  Shell  so  variable  that  it  has  received  a score  of  names.— 
N.  J.  and  north.  Abundant  on  rocks. 

2.  Littorina  litorea , L.  Solid,  not  smooth,  yet  rarely  ridged, 
but  more  or  less  covered  with  elevated,  spiral  lines;  whorls  usu- 
ally concavely  impressed  round  the  upper  part;  columella 
broadly  callous,  slightly  arcuated,  white.  Olive,  ash,  fulvous, 
brown,  or  red,  sometimes  banded  and  lined  with  black ; outer 
lip  joining  the  body  at  an  acute  angle,  its  edge  usually  dark. 
Very  variable  in  size,  color,  and  length  of  spire.  Animal  with  a 
general  dark  color  above  ; the  sole  of  the  foot  yellowish-white. 
L.  20-25  ; D.  16-20 ; An.  80°  ; Wh.  6-7  ; Ap.  4.— New  England 
to  Delaware  Bay. 

3.  Littorina  palliata , Say.  Shell  globular-ovate,  thick,  smooth 
and  shining,  with  very  faint  revolving  lines,  and  lines  of  growTth  ; 
last  whorl  very  large,  the  others  scarcely  rising  above  it;  suture 
faintly  marked ; aperture  nearly  circular,  the  outer  lip  bevelled 
within  to  a sharp  edge;  inner  lip  broadly  flattened  and  white; 
color  variable,  white,  yellow,  orange,  olive,  slate,  and  brown ; usu- 
ally of  a single  color,  often  mottled  or  banded.  Animal  has  the 
head  orange,  darker  above,  and  the  foot  drab  or  cream-color.  L. 
15;  D.  13;  An.  95°;  Wh.  4;  Ap.  §-£. — New  Jersey  and  north. 
Abundant -on  rocks. 

4.  Littorina  irrorata , Say.  Shell  heavy,  with  numerous,  revolv- 


144 


JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


in g,  elevated,  obtuse,  equal  ridges,  which  are  spotted  with  short, 
brownish  lines ; whorls  flat,  suture  not  indented ; outer  lip  bev- 
elled to  a thin  edge,  and  lineated  with  dark-brownish ; inner  lip 
with  a lime  deposit.  Greenish  or  pale-ashy ; throat  white — L. 
25;  D.  15;  An.  60°;  Wh.  5;  Ap.  f, — Mass,  and  south.  Rare 
north  ; abundant  south. 

2.  Lacuna,  Tur. 

Shell  turbinated,  thin;  aperture  semilunar;  columella  flat- 
tened with  an  umbilical  fissure;  operculum  paucispiral. 

1.  Lacuna  vincta , Mon.  Shell  thin,  ovate-conic;  spire  pointed  ; 
whorls  very  convex,  with  faint  lines  of  growth  ; suture  deep ; 
aperture  nearly  circular ; outer  lip  sharp,  pillar  lip  white,  with 
a wide  and  deep  groove  ending  in  a deep  umbilicus.  Color  yel- 
lowish, with  sometimes  4 or  5 purplish  or  reddish  bands.  L.  12  ; 
D.  8 ; An.  58° ; Wh.  5 ; Ap.  — N.  J.  and  north.  Abundant 
north. 

Family  64.  RISSOID/E. 

Shell  small,  spiral,  turreted,  usually  ribbed,  many-worled ; 
aperture  rounded  with  entire  lip;  outer  lip  slightly  expanded 
and  thickened. 

1.  Rissoa.  Frem. 

Shell  minute,  conical,  pointed,  many  whorled ; peristome 
entire,  continuous;  outer  lip  slightly  expanded  and  thickened; 
operculum  subspiral. 

1.  Rissoa  aculeus , Gld.  Shell  ovate-cylindrical,  fragile;  whorls 
convex;  suture  deep;  surface  covered  with  numerous,  minute, 
revolving  lines,  and  traces  of  longitudinal  folds  near  the  apex  ; 
apex  blunt;  aperture  entire,  oval,  oblique.  Light  yellowish 
horn-color.  Animal  white.  L.  4 ; D.  If ; An.  23°;  Wh.  6.  Ap. 
J. — New  England.  On  stones  and  timbers  at  low  water. 

2.  Risoa  exarata , Stim.  Shell  ovate,  rather  solid,  imperforate  ; 
whorls  convex,  sub-plicate  posteriorly,  and  with  about  3 elevated, 
distant,  revolving  lines  on  the  upper,  and  8 on  the  lower  one. 
Fuscous.  L.  3 ; D.  1^;  An.  22°;  Wh.  5;  Ap.  less  than  J. — 
Nova  Scotia  to  Hatteras.  Rare. 

3.  Rissoa  minuta, , Tot.  Shell  minute,  conic,  thin,  polished, 
elevated  to  an  obtuse  apex ; whorls  convex,  somewhat  shoul- 
dered ; lines  of  growth  faint ; aperture  oval,  entire ; outer  lip 


Fam.  66.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


145 


sharp;  operculum  horny,  subspiral;  yellowish-brown,  usually 
covered  by  a dark  green  pigment.  Animal  dusky-brown  and 
drab;  motions  very  active.  L.  4 ; D.  2 ; An.  30°;  Wh.  5;  Ap. 

— N.  J.  and  north.  Common  on  sea- weeds  near  shore,  and  in 
brackish  water. 

Family  65,  ADEORBI D/E. 

A small  family  of  depressed  almost  disk-shaped  shells. 

1.  Skenea,  Flemg. 

Shell  minute,  depressed,  nearly  discoidal,  few-whorled  ; peris- 
tome entire,  round  ; operculum  multispiral. 

1.  Skenea  planorbib,  Fabr.  Shell  minute,  flat,  slightly  convex 
above,  broadly  concave  below,  forming  a deep  umbilicus  showing 
all  the  whorls;  whorls  smooth;  aperture  circular,  with  a sharp 
lip;  operculum  multispiral.  Light  horn-color.  Length  of 
axis  |;  D.  1^-;  An.  130°;  Wh.  3;  Ap.  f. — New  York  and  north. 
Common  under  stones  at  low  water. 

Family  66.  CALYPTR/E1D/E. 

Shell  flat  or  boat-shaped,  with  the  apex  more  or  less  spiral ; 
interior  with  a shelly  process  or  shelf,  variously  shaped,  to 
which  the  adductor  muscles  are  attached.  Animal  with  a dis- 
tinct head  ; muzzle  lengthened  and  split,  but  non-retractile  ; eyes 
on  the  external  bases  of  a pair  of  tentacles. 

The  bonnet-limpets  adhere  to  stones  and  shells;  most  of  them 
appear  never  to  quit  the  spot  on  which  they  first  settle,  as  the 
margin  of  the  shells  becomes  adapted  to  the  surface  beneath, 
while  some  wear  away  the  space  below  their  foot,  and  others 


secrete  a shell  base. 

* Shell  conical ; partition  cup-shaped /.  Crucibulum. 

* Shell  oblong,  flat  or  convex  ; partition  nearly  flat 2.  Crepidula. 

1.  Crucibulum,  Schum. 


Shell  conical,  with  an  internal,  cup-shaped  plate  attached  on 
one  side  to  the  wall  of  the  shell. 

1.  Crucibulum  striatum , Say.  Cup  and  saucer  Limpet.  Shell 
moderately  solid,  conical  with  numerous,  equidistant,  elevated, 
radiating  lines;  aperture  circular;  summit  smooth,  obtusely 
pointed,  inclined  toward  the  left  side  and  posterior  end ; inter- 
nal, cup-shaped  partition  attached  at  one  side  and  terminating 
near  the  inner  apex  of  the  shell.  White  to  waxy-yellow. 


146' 


JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


Height  to  apex  12J;  D.  20. — -New  Jersey  and  north.  Common. 

2.  Crepidula,  Lam. 

Shell  oblong,  with  an  internal  plate  covering  the  posterior  half. 

^ 1.  Crepidula  fornicata , L.  (Figs.  41,  42).  Shell  quite  convex,, 

with  one  side  more  oblique  than  the  other;,  surface  transversely 
wrinkled ; partition  slightly  concave,  about  \ the  size  of  the  ob- 
long aperture.  Generally  reddish  in  color,  sometimes  spotted,, 
occasionally  white.  L.  25-40  ^ W.  16-30. — Whole  extent. 
Abundant. 

v 2.  Orepiditla  convexa,  Sav.  Shell  small,  opaque,  very  convex, 
obliquely-ovate,  one  side  nearly  vertical,  the  other  sloping;  sur- 
face wrinkled  ; apex  acute,  separate  from  the  body  of  the  shell,, 
turning  to  one  side  and  downward  to  the  tip  of  the  shell ; aper- 
ture oval;  diaphragm  deep,  convex,  less  than  half  of  the  aper- 
ture. Color  ashen-brown  with  bands,  or  spots  of  reddish-brown.. 
L.  12  ; W.  8;  Height  4.  On  seaweeds  and  stones  throughout. 

3,  Crepidula  plana , Say.  Shell  flat  or  reversed  concave,  ovate 
to  quadrilateral  in  outline ; surface  wrinkled.  Pure  white.  L. 
28-50;  W.  15-30. — Whole  extent.  Usually  within  shells. 

Family  67.  NAKCID/E. 

Shell  globular  or  oval ; spire  usually  short ; aperture  semi- 
lunar, without  canal  or  notch;  outer  lip  sharp;  columella  lip 
callous,  more  or  less  reflected  over  the  umbilicus. 

Animal  with  small  tentacles  which  are  lanceolate,  wide  apart, 
united  by  a veil ; eyes  absent  or  minute ; mantle  enclosed  ; foot 
much  produced  in  front,  where  it  is  furnished  with  a fold  which 
covers  the  head  and  tentacles ; operculum  paucispiral,  corneous. 
Marine.  Eggs  deposited  in  a curious,  sand  formed  ribbon  which 
is  bent  in  a circular  form,  constricted  into  a neck  above. 


* Aperture  less  than  half  the  area  of  the  shell 1.  Natiea . 

* Shell  ear-shaped ; aperture  over  half  the  area 2.  Sigaretus. 

1.  Natica,  Lam. 


Shell  sub-globular,  spire  slightly  elevated;  aperture  half  round- 
a spiral  callus  on  the  pillar,  entering  more  or  less  into  the  umbili- 
cus. Animal  blind,  completely  retractile  within  its  shell ; oper- 
culum with  an  external,  limy  layer. 

* Shell  over  20  long.  (A.) 

A.  L^mbilieus  widely  open. 


,3. 


Fam.  67.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


147 


A.  Umbilicus  more  or  less  covered  with  brown  callus 2. 

* Shell  under  20  long.  (B.) 

B.  Umbilicus  open* 5. 

B.  Umbilicus  more  or  less  covered  with  white  callus.  (O.) 

C.  Under  10  long 1. 

C.  Over  10  long 4. 


1.  Natica  pusilla , Say.  Shell  thin,  suboval ; callus  pressed  later- 
ally into  the  umbilicus,  whitish  ; umbilicus  consisting  of  an 
arcuated,  linear,  vertical  aperture.  Cinereous  or  rufous,  with 
sometimes,  one  or  two  obsolete,  revolving  bands.  L.  6 ; D.  5; 
An.  100°  ; Wh.  3 ; Ap.  f. — Mass,  and  south.  Not  rare. 

2.  Natiea  (Never ita)  duplicata , Say.  (Figs,  31  and  39).  Shed 
solid,  subglobose ; whorls  convexly  flattened  above ; aperture 
oval,  oblique ; umbilicus  irregular,  with  a deep  furrow,  and 
almost  covered  by  a thick  callus.  Color  ashen-gray,  deep  chest- 
nut-brown within  ; callus  of  the  same  color.  L.  50;  D.  50  ; An. 
100°;  Wh.  5;  Ap.  f. — Mass,  and  south.  Abundant  south  of 
Cape  Cod. 

* 3.  Natica  ( Lunatia ) her  os,  Say.  (Fig.  38,  young  shell).  Shell 

large,  thick,  globular  ovate ; whorls  convex  ; aperture  oval,  dark 
reddish-brown,  or  tinged  with  yellowish  ; the  callus  reflected 
over  a small  portion  of  the  larger,  patulous,  and  coarsely  wrin- 
kled umbilicus  ; the  young  shell  is  sometimes  marked  by  three 
revolving  series  of  parallel,  oblong,  brown  spots,  12  or  14  in  each 
row.  L.  60;  D.  50;  An.  120°;  Wh.  5;  Ap.  f. — Whole  extent. 
Common. 

4.  Natica  (Lunatia')  Groenlandica,  Mol.  Shell  suboval,  smooth, 
glossy,  or  with  faint  lines  of  growth  and  revolving  lines ; suture 
distinct  and  deep;  lip  sharp,  callus  pressed  laterally  into  the 
umbilicus,  leaving  a narrow,  curved,  linear  opening.  Epidermis 
ash-colored,  bluish-white  beneath.  L.  12J ; D.  11;  An.  110°; 
Wh.  4 ; Ap.  f. — Mass,  and  north. 

5.  Natica  ( Lunatia ) immaculata , Tot.  Shell  small,  solid,  sub- 
oval; apex  short  and  pointed,  suture  not  impressed;  aperture 
narrow,  somewhat  acutely  curved  at  base ; umbilicus  rounded 
and  deep,  but  little  covered  by  the  callus  which  is  not  very  large, 
but  forms  a deposit  under  the  upper  part  of  the  lip,  and  causes 
a white  spiral  line  to  show  just  below  the  suture.  Epidermis 
thin,  greenish-yellow,  milk-white  beneath.  L.  7;  D.  5J;  An. 
90°;  Wh.  5;  Ap.  f. — New  York  and  north. 


148 


JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


2.  Sigaretus,  Lam. 

Shell  ear-shaped,  with  a minute  spire  and  very  large  aperture ; 
operculum  minute,  horny,  subspiral. 

Animal  with  a large  mantle,  partly  or  entirely  covering  the 
shell;  anterior  foot-lobe,  used  in  burrowing,  very  large. 

1 . Sigaretus  perspective , Say.  Shell  ovate,  elongated,  depressed ; 
surface  with  numerous,  impressed,  sligJatly  undulating  lines, 
crossed  by  revolving  strise  which  disappear  beneath ; aperture 
more  than  f the  entire  area  of  the  shell;  suture  distinct,  but 
not  deep.  Milk-white,  sometimes  tinged  with  brown;  smooth, 
polished,  and  faintly  iridescent..  L.  37  ; D.  30;  An.  140°;  Wh. 
3 ; AP.  f . 

Family  68.  ACM  /El  D/E. 

Shell  wholly  external,  dish-shaped,  with  apex  directed  forward. 
Animal  with  eyes,  and  a plumose,  external  gill  on  the  neck. 

1.  Acm^ea,  Esck. 

Shell  solid,  patelliform.  Animal  with  a frilled  muzzle  pro- 
duced at  the  lower  front  corners  into  two  tubercles. 

1.  Acmxa  testudinalis , Mul.  (Fig.  42).  Shell  oblong,  oval, 
conical,  surface  finely  checkered  by  the  minute,  radiating  and 
encircling  lines;  margin  entire,  sharp.  Whitish  or  greenish,  often 
mottled  with  brownish.  L.  20-35 ; W.  12-20  ; Height  7-12. — 
New  England.  On  rocks.  Common  north. 

Var.  Alveus,  Con.  Shell  smaller,  oblong,  twice  as  long  as  wide, 
with  nearly  parallel  sides. — Same  region.  On  eel-grass. 

Family  69.  TROC H 1 D/E. 

Shell  usually  conical,  with  flattened  base,  brilliantly  pearly 
inside ; operculum  horny,  multispiral.  Animal  with  a short 
muzzle ; eyes  pedunculated  at  the  outer  base  of  long,  slender 
tentacles;  head  and  sides  ornamented  with  fringed  lobes,  and 
tentacular  filaments.  Feeding  on  sea-weeds. 

1.  Margareta,  Leach. 

Shell  usually  thin,  globular-conical,  umbilicated ; aperture 
rounded,  pearly ; lip  sharp,  smooth.  Many  species  are  found 
in  deep  water.  The  following  is  in  rather  shallow  water. 

1.  Margareta  obscura , Cout.  Shell  solid,  low-conical ; whorls 
convex,  and  rendered  angular  near  the  middle  by  a prominent, 
revolving  ridge;  often  one  or  two  additional  and  less  prominent 


Fam.  70.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


149 


ridges  on  the  body  whorl,  with  numerous  very  fine  lines;  these, 
with  the  rather  coarse  lines  of  growth,  give  the  surface  an  in- 
dented or  .cellular  appearance ; aperture  circular ; umbilicus 
large  and  deep,  bounded  by  a sharp,  angular  ridge.  Dull  red- 
dish-brown above,  and  light  ash-color  below.  L.  10;  D.  12  ; 
An.  90°;  Wh.  5;  Ap.  f. — New  England.  Found  in  fishes. 

Order  POLY^PLACOPHORA.  (The  Chitons). 

Body  vermiform;  symmetrical,  without  separated  head  or' 
tentacles;  ventral  surface  flattened;  dorsal  surface  covered  by 
calcareous  plates,  placed  in  a segmented  manner,  one  behind  the 
other ; gills  paired. 

Family  70.  ISCHN0CH1T0NID/E. 

Animal  furnished  with  eight,  calcareous  plates  along  the  back ; 
the  head  and*tail  piece  similarly  articulated ; the  insertion  plates 
sharp,  smooth,  fissured ; the  outer  layer  around  the  plates  called 
the  girdle  overhanging  the  plates  and  forming  eaves. 

* Eaves  projecting  ; girdle  covered  with  minute  flattish  scales..... 

1.  Trachydermon . 


* Eaves  moderate;  girdle  covered  with  hairs 2,  Chcetopleura . 

* Eaves  short;  girdle  minutely  downy 3.  Tonicella. 


Trachydermon,  Carpenter. 

Anterior  and  posterior  plates  with  many  sharp  teeth  ; girdle 
covered  with  minute  granular  flattish  scales,  and  without  pores  ; 
eaves  projecting,  spongy  ; gills  short. 

1.  Trachydermon  ruber , Low.  Shell  small  oval,  elevated, 
keeled;  lines  of  growth  distinct,  but  surface  unmarked  with 
punctures  or  granulations,  even  under  the  magnifier  ; color  light 
brick-red  or  flesh-color;  margin  coated  with  red  and  white  dust 
in  alternate  blotches;  interior  bright  rose-red.  L.  12;  W.  7-J. — - 
New  England.  On  stones  below  low  wTater. 

2.  Trachydermon  albus , Mont.  Shell  small,  elongated-oval, 
covered  with  bluish-black  pigment  which  easily  rubs  off,  and 
leaves  the  color  yellowish  or  ashy;  valves  moderately  keeled, 
and  minutely  beaked ; margin  membranous,  and  covered  with 
beaded  granules.  L.  10;  W.  4. — Cape  Cod  and  north. 

2.  Chcetopleura,  Shut. 

Anterior  and  posterior  plates  with  many  sharp  teeth  ; surface 
of  girdle  hairy  ; eaves  moderate ; gills  encircling. 


150 


JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


1.  Ch&topleura  apimlata,  Say.  (Fig.  44).  Form  oblong-oval, 
convex  ; valves  obtusely  keeled,  the  central  portion  of  the  pos- 
terior margin  becoming  slightly  beaked  with  age ; lateral  areas 
triangulai,  studded  with  numerous  rounded  tubercles,  obsolete 
towards  the  apices,  more  numerous  towards  the  sides;  these 
sides  are  rounded,  with  an  elevated,  marginal  line ; middle  space 
lozenge-shaped,  and  covered  with  10  or  12  rows  of  elevated, 
rounded  dots  on  each  side  of  the  keel,  and  parallel  with  it. 
Grayish,  bluish,  or  ferruginous.  L.  13-25  ; W.  8-15. — Whole 
coast.  More  abundant  southerly. 

3.  Tonicella,  Carpenter. 

Anterior  and  posterior  plates,  as  in  the  preceding ; surface  of 
girdle,  smooth  or  minutely  downy;  eaves  short;  gills  medium. 

1.  Tonicella  marmoreus , Fabr.  Shell  oblong-ovate,  rather  flat ; 
valves  slightly  keeled  and  beaked,  their  surface  covered  with 
microscopic  granulations  in  quincunx  order ; to  the  naked  eye, 
smooth  and  shining ; girdle  covered  with  a close,  short  down, 
alternately  wThite  and  red.  Color  varying  from  bright  red  to 
yellowish  or  dark  brown,  with  numerous  fine,  zigzag  whitish 
lines  over  the  whole  surface ; posterior  edge  of  valves  with  6-8 
whitish  spots.  L.  17  ; W.  11.  Cape  Cod  and  north. 

CLASS  III,  CEPHALOPODA. 

Free  swimming,  oceanic  mollusks  with  well-marked  head,  and 
a circle  of  muscular  arms  around  the  mouth,  by  the  aid  of  which 
they  move  freely  from  place  to  place.  These  arms  are  usually 
supplied  with  suckers;  the  eyes  are  large  and  very  perfect;  the 
mouth  provided  with  two  long,  beak-like  jaws.  * Sexes  distinct. 

Order  Dibranchiata. 

Cephalopoda  with  two  gills  in  the  mantle  cavity  ; eight  or  ten 
arms  provided  with  suckers ; an  ink  bag,  for  the  secretion  of  a 
black  fluid,  always  present.  This  is  used  to  color  the  water 
when  pursued.  The  species  given  in  this  work  all  belong  to  the 
suborder  Decapoda  having  8 true  arms,  which  are  sessile,  and  2 
long  tentacles,  which  have  a stalk  and  clubbed  ends  ; the  suckers 
are  stalked,  and  have  a horny  rim.  The  mantle  bears  twTo  lat- 
eral fins.  An  internal  shell  is  alway  present,  and  is  usually 
horny  in  substance,  and  feather  or  lance-like  in  form. 

Family  71.  SPIRULID/E, 

This  family  consists  only  of  the  genus  : — 


Fain.  73.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


151 


1.  Spirula,  Lam. 

Animal  with  an  internal  calcareous,  spiral  shell ; the  whorls 
are  in  the  same  plane  and  free  from  each  other,  like  a watch 
spring ; the  shell  is  divided  into  many  chambers  by  partitions. 

The  shells  of  Spirula  peronii,  Lam,  (Figs.  56  and  57),  a pelagic 
species,  are  occasionally  thrown  on  the  shores  of  Nantucket  dur- 
ing a storm,  and  probably  at  other  places  southward.  The  shell 
is  white,  pearly  and  coiled  in  2-3  turns. 

Family  72,  OM IVS  AT OSTR  EPH I D/E. 

Characters  mainly  of  the  genus : — 

1.  Ommatostrephes,  D’Orb. 

Body  long,  cylindrical ; arms  short,  writh  two  rows  of  suckers ; 
tentacles  short,  not  retractile,  the  clubs  with  four  rows  of  suck- 
ers ; siphons  valved,  united  by  bands  to  the  head ; shell  horny, 
small,  slender,  like  a lance,  with  a hollow  end  cone.  Abund- 
ant in  the  open  sea  and  extensively  used  as  bait  for  cod  fish. 
Commonly  called  “ sea  arrows  ” or  u flying  squids.” 

1.  Ommatostrephes  illecebrosa , Lesueur.  Head  large;  body 
elongate,  cylindrial,  fleshy,  smooth ; tentacles  short,  like  the 
other  8 arms,  and  provided  with  8 rows  of  numerous  small 
cups;  fins  rhombic,  about  \ as  long  as  the  body,  sides  quite 
pointed  ; gladius  narrow,  ending  in  a large  cone.  Whole  coast ; 
frequently  found  near  shore. 

2.  Ommatostrephes  Bartramii , Lesueur,  (Figs.  58,  59).  Head 
•hort ; back  with  a longitudinal,  violet  band  ; tentacles  short, 
with  two  rows  of  small  cups  at  the  end ; second  and  third  pairs 
of  sessile  arms  wflth  fins  on  the  inner  edge  of  the  ventral  side ; 
gladius  long,  slender,  with  a small  cone.  Whole  coast. 

Family  73,  0NYCHQTEUTH1D/E, 

The  principal  peculiarity  of  this  family  is  the  development  of 
hooks  upon  the  arms  in  the  place  of  more  or  less  of  the  sucking 
disks. 

1.  Onychoteuthis,  Lichtenstein. 

Arms  with  two  rows  of  suckers,  the  rings  of  which  are  not 
toothed ; tentacles  thick,  their  clubs  with  two  rows  of  strong 
hooks,  and  at  the  base  a rounded  group  of  suckers ; gladius 
lancet-form  with  an  end  cone. 

1.  Onychoteuthis  Banksii , Leach.  (Figs.  60,  61).  Head  with 

LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  0*  IlfWn? 


152 


JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


11  longitudinal  ridges;  fins  rhomboidal,  wider  than  long,  about 
half  the  length  of  the  body ; tentacles  with  a double  series  of 
hooks  as  well  as  cups,  20-22  in  number;  gladius  slender  with 
an  obconic  end.  Pelagic,  whole  coast,  abundant. 

Family  74.  CRANCHIID/E. 

Represented  only  by  the  genus : — 

1.  Loligopsis,  Lam. 

Body  long,  attenuated  behind ; siphons  not  valved ; ten- 
tacles long  and  slender. 

1.  Loligopsis  pavo , Lesueur.  (Figs.  62,  63).  Body  very  long, 
conical,  attenuated  ; fins  terminal,  about  \ the  length  of  the 
body,  rounded  in  outline,  soft  in  substance ; gladius  very  slen- 
der, nearly  gelatinous.  Coast  south  of  N.  J. 

Family  75.  SEPIOLID/E. 

Body  short  ; tentacular  arms  completely  retractile ; fins  short, 
in  the  middle  of  the  sides  of  the  back ; gladius  only  about  \ as 
long  as  the  body,  sometimes  absent. 

1.  Sepiola,  Leach. 

Body  short,  purse-like ; fins  dorsal,  rounded,  narrow^  at  the 
base. 

1.  Sepiola  atlantica , Orb.  et  F.  (Fig.  64).  Sessile  arm£  short, 
unequal ; fins  short,  oval,  far  apart,  in  the  middle  of  the  back ; 
gladius  horny,  linear,  narrow,  ending  in  a spatulate  tip,  about  J 
as  long  as  the  body. — Whole  coast. 

Family  76.  LOLIGINID/E. 


Represented  only  by  the  genus 


Loligo,  Lam. 


Body  long,  and  with  fins  on  the  sides  of  the  tail  extending  to 
the  tip ; the  shaft  of  the  gladius  is  keeled  on  the  ventral  sides, 
and  is  as  long  as  the  back ; cups  of  the  8 short  arms  in  two  rows. 


* Fins  less  than  J the  length  of  the  body 1. 

* Fins  more  than  J the  length  of  the  body 2,  8. 


1.  Loligo  brevis,  Blainv.  Body  cylindrical,  obtuse  at  posterior 
end;  fins  short,  transversely  oval;  gladius  dilated,  very  broad, 
narrow  in  front. — Del.  Bay  and  south. 

2.  Loligo  Pealii , Lesueur.  (Figs.  65,  66).  Body  subconical, 
acuminated  posteriorly ; fins  rliomboidal,  thick,  ocupying 


Fam.  76.] 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


153 


more  than  J the  length  of  the  body  ; side  angles  rounded  ; 
gladius  lanceolate,  narrow ; cups  very  oblique,  in  two  regular 
rows.  Dark  colored  and  much  spotted. — Common  along  the 
whole  coast. 

3.  Loligo  'pallida , Ver.  Body  stout,  tapering  rapidly  backward  ; 
candal  fin  large,  about  as  broad  as  long,  more  than  \ the  length 
of  the  body,  side  angles  hardly  at  all  rounded ; tentacular  arms 
about  as  long  as  the  body  when  extended.  General  color  pale, 
gelatinous,  translucent,  not  very  thickly  covered  with  spots. 
Length  from  base  of  arms  145;  body  120;  fins  L.  70,  W.  75. 
Conn. and  N.  Y. 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


155 


GLOSSARY  OF  MOLLUSCAN  TERMS. 


A 

Acute,  sharp,  as  the  outer  lip  of  many 
univalves. 

Adductor  muscle , in  bivalves,  the  one 
or  two  muscles  used  to  hold  the 
valves  together;  adductor  impres- 
sions, the  scars  in  the  shell  showing 
where  the  muscles  were  attached. 

Amphibious,  inhabiting  both  land  and 
water. 

Anterior , in  bivalves,  the  end  of 
the  shell  having  the  foot  and  mouth 
of  the  animal  (Fig.  15,  A.)  ; in  uni- 
valves, the  end  opposite  the  apex  of 
the  spire  of  the  shell  (Fig.  35,  A). 

Aperture,  an  opening ; of  univalves,  the 
mouth  of  the  shell  (Fig.  32,  K). 

Apex,  the  extreme  point  of  the  spire 
of  a univalve  (Fig.  32,  B). 

Approximate,  very  near  together,  as 
the  umbones  of  some  bivalves. 

Aquatic,  inhabiting  the  water. 

Arborescent,  tree-like ; branching  like 
a tree,  as  the  gills  of  some  sea  slugs 
^Fig.  30,  G). 

Arched,  bowed,  or  rounded. 

Areuate,  in  the  form  of  an  arch. 

Area  of  shell,  the  space  included  in 
the  outline  of  the  shell  as  drawn ; 
the  aperture  is  more  or  less  in  ratio 
to  the  whole.  Fig.  54  shows  aper- 
ture more  than  two-thirds  the  area. 

Attenuate,  long  and  slender,  or  ending 
in  a long  point. 

B 

Basal,  bottom ; when  used  in  uni- 
valves, it  means  the  anterior  end  of 
the  aperture  (Fig.l>5,  A). 

Beaks,  often  used  in  mulluscan  works 
under  bivalves  and  equivalent  to 
umbones  or  umbo  (which  see).  Fig. 
5,  E). 

Bivalve , applied  to  shells  with  two 
movable  plates  forming  sides;  as 
the  mussel.  Plate  I. 

Boreal,  northern. 

Brackish,  applied  to  water  having  a 
little  salt,  as  the  mouths  of  streams 
flowing  into  the  ocean. 

Branchia,  a gill  or  breathing  organ  of 
water  animals. 

Buceinifcrm,  shaped  like  buccinum 
(Fig.  34). 


Bulbous,  swollen  or  globular. 

Byssiferous,  fastened  by  byssus,  as  the 
salt-water  mussels. 

Byssus,  thread-like  strands  which  are 
used  to  fasten  some  bivalves. 

C 

Calcareous,  lime-like  or  formed  of 
lime. 

Callous,  hardened,  or  covered  with  a 
special  deposit. 

Callus,  special  deposit  of  shell  ma- 
terial often  found  near  the  aperture 
of  univalves  (Fig.  39,  E). 

Calyeidat 3,  having  a cup-like  umbo, 
which  is  divided  from  the  rest  of 
the  shell  by  a distinct  mark. 

Campanulate,  in  the  form  of  a bell. 

Canal , a grove  or  channel,  usually  ap- 
plied to  the  anterior  prolongation 
of  univalve  shells  (Fig.  37). 

Cancellated,  cross-barred;  meshed  with 
lines  crossing  each  other  and  form- 
ing a lattice-like  appearance  ( Fig. 
45). 

Cardinal  teeth,  the  transverse  teeth  of 
bivalve  shells ; found  near  the  um- 
bones (Figs.  3 and  7,  C). 

Carinate,  with  a keel  or  ridge. 

Cartilage,  the  internal  rubber-like  sub- 
stance which  opens  the  valves  of  a 
shell. 

Ciudal,  having  a tail -like  appendage. 

Cimeter,  having  a shape  like  a sword. 

Cinereous,  having  the  color  of  wood 
ashes. 

derated,  with  movable  hairs,  as  the 
siphons  of  many  bivalves  ; they  are 
prehensile  or  grasping  organs. 

C rnferous,  the  same  as  cirrated. 

Clavate,  club  shaped. 

Closed,  applied  to  bivalve  shells  which 
shut  tightly  all  around  the  edge 
(Fig.  6). 

Compressed,  applied  to  bivalves  when 
the  valves  are  quite  flat. 

Concave,  hollowed  out. 

Concentric,  from  the  same  centre  ; ap- 
plied to  the  lines  or  grooves  on  bi- 
valves which  are  parallel  with  each 
other,  and  form  arcs  with  the  umbo 
as  a centre  (Fig.  5). 

Columella,  a small  column;  the  term 
used  in  univalve  shells  for  the  axis 
around  which  the  whorls  are 
form^ 


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Conic  or  Conical,  cone  shaped  (Fig.  32). 

Constricted,  with  a narrow  part. 

Contractile,  capable  of  being  much 
contracted. 

Convex,  bulging  or  rounded  outward. 

Cordate , heart-shaped. 

Coriaceous,  leather-like,  or  tough  like 
leather. 

Corneous,  horn-like,  or  consisting  of 
horny  substance. 

Corroded,  eaten  off,  as  the  epidermis 
of  many  shells. 

Corrugations,  wrinkles  or  ridges. 

Costate , halving  ribs  or  rib-like  ridges 
(Fig.  35). 

Crenated , having  the  edges  formed  of 
many  little  rounded  lobes  ( Fig.  7). 

Cremisular,  coming  out  in  the  even- 
ing. 

Crescentic,  having  a form  like  the 
crescent  moon. 

' D 

Dead  sh  lls,  those  in  which  the  ani- 
mal died  before  the  shell  was  gath- 
ered. 

Deciduous , coming  off*  soon,  as  the 
epidermis  of  shells  which  peel  off. 

Decollated,  having  the  end  cut  short 
off,  or  truncated. 

Decussated,  intersected  with  cross 
lines. 

Deflected,  bent  downward,  as  the  last 
whorl  of  some  univalves. 

Dentate,  having  the  edge  formed  of 
many  sharp  points. 

Denticulate,  minutely  dentate. 

Denuded,  made  bare,  or  worn  off. 

Depressed , flattened,  as  when  the  spire 
is  flat  or  nearly  so. 

Dextral , right  h;mded;  applied  to 
shells  which,  when  held  so  that  the 
spire  is  upward  and  the  aperture 
towards  the  person,  the  aperture  is 
on  the  right  hand  side  (Fig.  38). 

Diaphanous,  somewhat  transparent,  or 
at  least  translucent. 

Disco' dal,  having  the  shape  of  a flat- 
tened disc. 

Dorsal,  pertaining  to  the  back ; in 
bivalves,  it  is  the  hinge  edge. 

E 

Eared , with  projecting  wing-like  parts 
at  the  sides  of  the  umbones,  as  in 

, Fig-  4- 

Eaves,  the  projecting  edges  of  the  gir- 
dle over  the  valves  in  chitons. 


Effuse,  having  the  lips  separated  by  a 
j groove. 

Elliptical,  having  an  oval  or  elliptical 
form. 

Emarginate,  obtusely  notched. 

Entire,  the  edge  even ; no  notches  of 
any  kind. 

Epidermis,  the  skin  or  membrane 
covering  most  shells. 

Epiphragm,  the  membrane  formed  of 
mucus,  which  closes  the  aperture  of 
many  land  shells  during  the  winter. 

Equilateral,  in  bivalve  shells,  when 
the  umbo  is  about  central  (Fig.  4). 

Eq  iivalve,  in  bivalve  shells,  when  the 
valves  are  of  equal  size  and  bulge 
alike  (Fig.  6). 

Eroded,  worn  off 

Estuary , the  mouth  of  a river  where 
the  tide  meets  the  current. 

Everted,  turned  more  or  less  inside 
out,  or  widely  spreading. 

Expanding,  widely  spreading  or 
trumpet-shaped,  as  the  aperture  of 
some  shells. 

F 

Filamentous,  slender,  thread  like. 

Fissure,  a notch. 

Flat,  used  with  reference  to  the  per- 
istome when  straight. 

Fluviatile,  inhabiting  flowing  streams. 

Fragile,  easily  broken. 

Free,  not  fixed  or  fastened. 

Fusiform,  spindle-shaped ; thicxv  in 
the  centre  and  tapering  both  ways 
(Fig.  48). 

G 

Gaping,  applied  to  bivalve  shells 
which  do  not  tit  closely  when  closed 

(Fig.  10). 

Gelatinous , jelly  like. 

Gibbous,  rounded  outward  like  the 
gibbous  moon. 

Gills , breathing  organs  of  water  ani- 
mals; often  external  in  the  sea 
slugs  (Figs.  28-31). 

Girdle , the  leather-like  border  of 
chitons  (Fig.  44). 

Gladius,  the  horny  quill-pen  like  part 
found  in  the  bodies  of  squids  (Fig. 
65). 

Globose , rounded  or  globular. 

Glutinous,  sticky,  slimy  or  gummy. 

Gonial  ridge , the  ridge  often  found  in 
bivalve  shells  extending  from  the 
umbo  to  the  gonium.  Fig.  11, 
dotted  line  A C,  shows  position  of 
gonial  ridge. 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


157 


Gonium,  the  lower  back  angle  of  bi- 
valve shells  (Fig.  11,  C). 

Granular,  small  grain-like  markings, 

Granulose,  covered  with  small  mark- 
ings like  grains  (Fig.  55). 

Gregarious , living  together  in  flocks. 

H 

Habitat,  locality  where  found. 

Herbivorous,  living  on  plants. 

Hermaphrodite,  both  sexes  united  in 
one  individual. 

Hispid,  covered  with  rather  stiff’ hairs 
(Fig.  3). 

Hyaline,  glassy. 

! « 

Imbricating,  over-lapping,  as  the  shin- 
gles of  a roof. 

Impressed,  marked  with  a plain  fur- 
row, as  the  suture  of  the  spire  (Fig. 
32,  H). 

Incrassated,  thickened,  coarse. 

Incumbent,  resting  against,  or  bent 
against. 

Incurved , bent  over. 

Indented,  cut  or  notched. 

Inequivalve , applied  to  bivalves  when 
one  valve  is  larger  or  bulges  more 
than  the  other  (Fig.  1). 

Inflated,  swollen,  as  bivalve  shells 
when  the  width  is  great. 

Inflected , turned  in,  as  the  lips  of  the 
aperture. 

Invaginate , the  bending  of  one  part 
into  another. 

Involute , one  part  curved  around  an- 
other. 

K 

Keeled , with  a ridge-like  projection. 

L 

Labium , the  inner  lip  of  the  aperture, 
the  one  next  the  axis  (Fig.  32,  J). 

Labrum , the  outer  lip  of  the  aperture 
(Fig.  32,  C). 

Lamellated , covered  with  scales  or 
plates  (Fig.  15). 

Lamellibranchiate , having  leaf-like 
giils. 

Lamelliform , having  the  form  of 
plates  or  scales. 

Laminae,  thin,  leaf-like  layers. 

Lateral  teeth,  the  elongated  teeth  of 
the  hinge  of  bivalves  farthest  from 
the  umbo  (Fig.  8,  D.  and  E). 


Lens-shape  or  Lenticular , applied  to 
univalves  which  are  disk-like,  but 
curve  outward  about  the  same  on 
each  side,  like  a double-convex 
lens. 

Ligament,  the  name  of  the  external, 
rubber-like  substance  which  tends 
to  open  the  valves  of  shells  (Fig. 
6,  D). 

Limpet- shaped,  flattened,  cup-shaped 
(Figs.  42  and  43) 

Littoral , that  part  of  the  shore  be- 
tween high  and  low  water. 

Live  shells,  shells  which  were  gathered 
while  the  animal  was  alive ; after 
cleaning  they  are  alwavs  called  by 
this  term  to  indicate  that  they  are 
more  perfect  in  color  and  parts. 

Livid,  of  a blackish  blue  color. 

Locomotive,  applied  to  shells  which 
walk  around  on  the  surface  of 
things,  instead  of  burrowing  or  re- 
maining fixed. 

Lunate,  of  a shape  nearly  like  that  of 
the  half  moon. 

Lunule,  a mark  or  indented  spot,  often 
moon-shaped,  found  in  front  of  the 
umbones  of  some  bivalves  (Fig.  6, 
C). 


1VS 

Mantle,  the  outer,  soft  membrane  of 
the  body  of  a mollusk,  usually  lin- 
ing the  shell  and  fastened  to  it  at 
a short  distance  from  the  outer 
margin ; in  bivalves,  it  is  attached 
along  the  pallial  line. 

Marine,  pertaining  or  belonging  to 
the  sea. 

Microscopic,  very  fine  and  needing  a 
magnifying  glass  to  be  seen  dis- 
tinctly. 

Mucous,  the  part  secreting  mucus. 

Mucus,  the  slimy  secretion  of  land 
snails. 

Muricated,  armed  with  sharp  points 
or  prickles. 


N 

Nacreous,  iridescent,  pearly. 

Natatory,  enabling  to  swim. 

Nodulous,  having  small  knots  or  irreg- 
ular prominences. 

Nucleus,  the  beginning  of  a shell ; in 
univalves  the  apex,  and  in  bivalves, 
umbones. 


158 


JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


O 

Obeonie,  a reversed  cone. 

Obelisk-shaped , a very  elongated  cone 
with  the  apex  removed. 

Oblique,  slanting ; applied  to  the  aper- 
ture when  its  length  is  not  par- 
allel with  the  axis  of  the  shell. 

Obovate , a reversed  ovate ; univalve 
shells  which  have  their  widest  part 
nearer  the  apex  than  the  anter- 
ior end. 

Obsoletely , applied  to  markings  which 
are  very  hard  to  see. 

Ocelli,  the  minute,  simple  eyes  found 
in  pectens  and  a few  other  genera 
of  bivalves. 

Ochreous , a dull,  yellowish  orange 
color. 

Opaque , not  at  all  transparent  or  trans- 
lucent. 

Operculum , the  hard  cover  or  lid  on 
on  the  foot  of  many  univalves  and 
closing  the  aperture  when  the  ani- 
mal draws  into  the  shell  (Fig.  45, 
A). 

Oral , pertaining  to  the  mouth;  ap- 
plied to  the  tentacles  nearest  to  the 
mouth  (Fig.  27,  A). 

Orbicular , applied  to  shells  which  are 
rounded  and  flattened,  like  a disk, 
th  e spire  being  very  low. 

Orifice , opening. 

Ovate , egg-shaped. 

Ovately  conic , egg-shaped,  but  ending 
in  more  or  less  of  a conic  point 
(Fig.  38). 

p 

Pallets , the  small  spade-shaped  shells 
at  the  end  of  siphons  of  the  ship- 
worms  (Teredo,  etc.,)  (Fig.  19). 

Palli el  line  or  impression , the  mark 
extending  between  the  adductor 
muscles  of  bivalves,  showing  the 
attachment  of  the  mantle  to  the 
shell  (Fig.  7,  H). 

Palpi,  the  feelers  or  tentacles  of  mol- 
lusks  (Fig.  28,  A and  B). 

Papillce , small  projecting  points  or 
pimples. 

Papilose , covered  with  pimples  or 
warts. 

Parietal , pertaining  to  or  growing  from 
the  inner  wall  or  shell. 

Patelliform,  the  shape  of  a depressed 
cone  (Fig.  42). 

Patulous , open,  expanded,  slightly  | 
spreading.  j 


Paucispiral , slightly  spiral ; applied 
to  operculse  (Fig.  49). 

Pedicel,  a foot-stalk  or  stem. 

Pelagic,  pertaining  to  the  sea ; ap- 
plied to  mollusks  of  the  open  sea, 
as  to  the  squids  and  pteropods. 

Pellucid,  transparent,  clear,  bright. 

Penultimate,  next  before  the  last. 

Perfoliate,  having  a stem  passing 
through. 

Periphery , the  outside  line  of  a form. 

Peristome,  the  edge  around  the  aper- 
ture. 

Peritrcme,  the  rim  or  extreme  edge  of 
the  aperture  of  univalves. 

Pestle- shaped,  the  shape  of  the  pul- 

* verizing  instrument  used  in  a mor- 
tar by  druggists. 

Pervious,  slightly  open,  as  the  umbili- 
cus when  small. 

Pilose,  covered  with  distinct  hairs. 

Pinnate , with  branching  divisions  ar- 
ranged like  a feather,  as  the  gills 
of  many  univalves  (Fig.  28,  G). 

Plaits,  folds  like  the  bottom  of  some 
dresses  (Fig.  3). 

Planorboid,  applied  to  disk -like  shells 
with  a flat  spire  like  planorbis. 

Plicate,  folded  back  and  forth  like  a 
fan. 

Podial  ridge , the  ridge  often  found  in 
bivalve  shells  extending  from  the 
umbo  to  the  podium.  Fig.  11, 
dotted  line  A B,  shows  the  position 
of  the  podial  ridge. 

Podium,  the  lower  front  angle  of  bi- 
valve shells  (Fig.  11,  B). 

R 

Radiated,  extending  off  from  a point 
in  many  directions,  as  the  rays  of 
light  from  a luminous  body ; the 
ridges  of  Fig.  4. 

Radula,  the  chitinous  ribbon  bearing 
the  teeth  of  mollusks ; called  also 
lingual  ribbon  and  tongue;  lingual 
ribbon  covered  with  teeth,  also 
called  tongue  (Fig.  31). 

Ramose,  having  many  branches,  as  a 
stem  with  many  divisions. 

I Reflected,  reflexed;  turned  or  bent 
j backward. 

Reticulated,  resembling  net-work ; 
having  lines  crossing  each  other 
like  a net  (Fig.  36). 

Retractile,  capable  of  being  drawn 
back  or  turned  inward,  as  the  ten- 
tacles of  land  snails. 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


159 


'Revolving  lines,  lines  on  a univalve 
shell  parallel  with  the  whorls  and 
suture  (Fig.  34). 

Rhombic,  having  four  equal  sides  and 
oblique  angles. 

Rhomboid,  a ligure  of  four  sides,  the 
opposite  sides  equal  and  parallel, 
but  two  of  the  sides  longer  than 
the  other  two. 

Ribbed,  with  raised  parallel  ridges  or 
lines. 

Rimate,  with  a slight  crack  or  chink, 
as  the  umbilicus  of  univalves  wdien 
not  fully  open. 

Rostrated,  having  a rostrum  or  beak 
with  the  mouth  at  the  end. 

Rostrum,  the  proboscis  of  univalves 
with  the  mouth  at  the  extremity. 

Rotund,  rounded  or  spherical. 

Rub’ginose , with  a rough  surface. 

Rufous,  of  a brownish  red  color. 

Rugose,  rough  with  wrinkles. 

S 

Series,  a number  of  marks  arranged 
in  regular  order. 

Serrated,  notched  at  the  edge  like  a 
saw. 

Sessile,  without  a stem. 

Setaceous, having  the  slender  form  of  a 
bristle  or  covered  with  bristles. 

Shouldered,  having  a projecting  ridge, 
as  the  whorls  of  many  univalves 
(Figs.  36  and  37). 

Simple,  without  break  or  notch,  as  the 
peristome  when  continuing  all 
around  ; and  the  pallial  line  when 
without  notch  or  sinus  (Fig.  3,  H). 

Sinistral,  left-handed,  as  the  shells  of 
univalves  which,  when  held  so  that 
the  apex  is  upward  and  the  aper- 
ture towards  the  person,  the  aper- 
ture is  on  the  left  (Figs.  21  and  55). 

Sinuous,  having  the  edge  alternately 
curved  inward  and  outward  (Fig. 

.15>A)- 

Sinus,  the  notch  in  the  pallial  tine  ot 
many  bivalves,  showing  the  posi- 
tion of  the  siphon  (Figs.  7 and  9, 1). 

Siphon,  the  one  or  two  tubes  of  mol- 
lusks  through  which  the  water  flows 
to  supply  the  animal  with  oxygen, 
and,  in  bivalves,  with  food  also 
(Fig.  11,  D,  and  Fig.  45,  D). 

Solid , applied  to  shells  which  are 
thick  and  strong. 

Spatulatc,  of  the  form  of  a spatula 
used  by  druggists  to  pulverize  sub- 
stances. 


Spiculose,  covered  with  sharp,  hard 
points. 

Spiral,  winding  around,  as  the  whorls 
of  the  spire  of  most  univalves. 

Striae,  minute  lines,  but  visible  to  the 
unaided  eye. 

Striate,  covered  with  stria3,  usually 
lines  of  growth. 

Subulate , narrow  and  tapering  to  a 
sharp  point ; awl-shaped. 

Sulcate,  marked  with  furrows  or  deep 
grooves. 

Sulcus,  a deep  groove. 

Superficial,  just  on  the  surface. 

Superior  angle,  the  upper  angle. 

Suture,  the  groove  between  the  whorls 
of  the  spire  of  univalves  (Fig.  32, 
H). 

T 

Teeth,  in  bivalves  the  term  is  used  for 
the  cardinal  teeth  of  the  hinge  (Fig. 
3,  C). 

Tentacles,  the  projecting  feeler-like 
parts  on  the  heads  of  snails  (Fig. 
45,  C)  ; and  the  long  arms  of  squids 
(Fig.  66). 

Terete,  cylindrical,  but  tapering  like 
a twig  of  a tree. 

Testaceous,  shell  like. 

Toothed  hinge , a hinge  with  cardinal 
teeth,  as  most  bivalves. 

Translucent,  nearly  but  not  quite 
transparent. 

Transverse,  when  elongated  in  a direc- 
tion not  usual,  as  when  the  aper- 
ture is  wider  than  long ; also  ap- 
plied to  cardinal  teeth  when  they 
are  longer  in  the  direction  of  the 
length  of  the  shell. 

Trapezo'dal , having  four  sides  but  the 
opposite  sides  not  parallel. 

Trilobate,  with  threfc  rounded  lobes 

Truncated,  having  the  end  not  round- 
ed but  square  as  though  cut  ofl*. 

Tuber culate,  covered  with  projecting, 
rounded  points  (Fig.  36). 

Tuber culiform,  having  the  form  of  a 
tuber,  like  the  white  potato. 

Tubercles,  rounded  points  or  pimples. 

Tumid,  swollen. 

Turbinate,  shaped  like  a top. 

Turreted,  shaped  like  a tower  (Fig. 
55). 

Turriculate,  with  the  form  of  a tower. 

U 

Umbilicus,  a depression  or  opening  in 
the  centre  of  the  base  of  many  uni- 
valve shells  (Fig.  38,  A). 


160 


JOURNAL  OF  THE  NEW  JERSEY 


Urnbone,  the  nuclei  or  starting  points 
of  bivalve  shells  (Fig.  5,  E). 

V 

Valves,  the  two  shells  which  enclose 
bivalve  mollusks. 

Varices,  longitudinal  ribs  of  univalve 
shells  (Fig.  35). 

Varicose,  unusually  enlarged  or  swol- 
len. 

Ventral,  the  lower  side ; applied  to 
the  edge  of  bivalve  shells  farthest 
from  the  hinge  (Fig.  5,  D). 

Ventrieose,  inflated,  swollen  or  round- 
ed on  the  ventral  side. 


Vesicular,  having  many  bladdery  cav- 
ities. 

Viscera,  the  internal  organs,  includ- 
ing stomach,  etc. 

Vitta,  a band  or  stripe  of  color. 

Volutions,  the  whorls  of  univalve 
shells. 

W 

Warped,  twisted  irregularly  (Fig.  1). 

Whorls,  the  spiral  convolutions  of  a 
shell  (Fig.  32,  G). 

Wings,  thin  compressed  portions  near 
the  umbones,  found  in  some  of  the 
fresh  water  mussels. 


NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY. 


161 


INDEX  TO  THE  MOLLUSKS. 


Acanthodoris , . . 

121 

.... 

148 

Acmxidx , . . . 

148 

Actxon, .... 

117 

Actxonidx , . . . 

117 

Adeorbidx , . . 

145 

yEolidx,  . . . . 

124 

JEolidia , . . . 

126 

AEolis , 

125 

Aiolobrancliiata , . 

123 

Alder iay . . . . 

128 

Alexia  .... 

130 

Amethystine  Gem , 

99 

Anatinidx , . . 

107 

Ancula,  . . . . 

122 

Anomalodesmacea, , 107 

Anomia , . . . . 

86 

Anomiidx , . . 

85 

^4rca, 

90 

Arcidx , . . . 

90 

Astarte , . . . . 

93 

Astartidx , . . . 

93 

Auriculidx , . . 

130 

Barnea , . . 

112 

Beach  Clam , . . 

106 

iMa,  . . . 

132 

Bittium , . . . . 

141 

Buccinidx , . . 

133 

Buccinum , . . . 

134 

Bullidx , . . . 

119 

Cxcidx , . . . . 

142 

Cxcum) .... 

142 

Calyptrxidx , . . 

145 

Cardiidx,  . . . 

96 

Carditidx , . . . 

92 

Cardium , . . . 

97 

Cavolinia , . . . 

116 

Cavoliniidx , . 

115 

Cephcdopoda , . . 

150 

Cerithiidx , . . 

141 

Cerithiopsidx , . . 

140 

Cerithiopsis , . . 

141 

Ceronia,  . . . 

104 

Chxtopleura , 

149 

Chitons , . . .149 

Clam , . 99,  106,  110 

Clidiophora , . .108 

Clione , . . . 116 

Clionidx , . . .116 

Cochlodesma , . 107 

Columbella , . .135 

Columbellidx , . 135 

Corbula , . . .109 

Corbulidx , . .109 

Coryphella , . .127 

Cranchiidx , . . 152 

Crassatellidx,  . . 94 

Crenella , ...  89 

Creseis , . . . .116 

Crepidula , . . 146 

Crucibulum , . .145 

Cryptodon , . . 96 

Cienobranchiata , . 13 1 
Cumingia , . . 103 

Cylichnella , . .118 

Cyprina , ...  98 

Cyrtodaria , . .111 

Cytherea , ...  99 

Decapoda , . . .150 

Dendronotus , . 124 

Diaphana,  . .119 

Dibranchiata , . 1 50 

Dipper  Clam,  . .106 

Donacidx,  . . 100 

Donax , . . . .100 

Doridella , . . 119 

Doridellidx , . .119 

Dorididx , . . 120 

Doris,  . . . .120 

Dosinia , ...  99 

Dofo,  . . . .124 

Dreissensia , . ' . 89 

Elysia , . . . .129 

Elysiidx , . . .129 

Embletonia , . .129 

Ensis,  . . . .105 

Eriphyla , . . . 94 

Erycinidx , . . 94 


Eupleura , . . .136 

Fasciolaridx , . 133 

Flabellina , . .126 

Flying  Squids , . 151 
Fulgur , ....  133 
Gastranella , . . 103 

Gastropoda , . .115 

Gemma , ...  99 

Cfam,  . .106 

Gymnosomata , . 116 
Haminea , . . .119 

iTarc?  £%€?/  O/am,  99 
Hermxa y . . .128 

Idalia , . . . 122 

Ischnochitonidx , . 149 
Kellia , ...  95 

Labiosa , . . . 106 

Lacuna , . . . 144 

Leda,  ....  92 
Ledidx , ...  91 

Limacina , . .115 

Limacinidx , . . 115 

Limapontia,  . 130 
Liocardium , . . 97 

Littorina , . . . 143 

Littorinidx , . . . 142 

LoliginidXj  . .152 

Loligo , . . .152 

Loligopsis , . . .152 

Lucina , ...  96 

Lucinidx , ...  96 
Lunatia , . . .147 
Lyonsia , . . .108 

Lyonsiidx , . .107 

Macoma , . . .102 

Mactra , . . . 106 

Mactridx , . . .105 

Mangilia , . .132 

Margarita , . . 148 

Martesia , . . .112 

Melampus , . . .131 

Modiola , ...  88 

Modiolaria , . . 88 

Muricidx , . .136 


Mussel , . . . 

87  j Pleurotomidx, 

.132  Stiliqer , . 

. 128 

Mya , . . . 

110  Poly cer a,  . . . 

123 

Syrnola , . . 

. 139 

Myidx , . . . 

109 \Polyceridx. 

. 122 

! Tagelus , . . 

. 101 

Mytilidx , . . 

87  Polyplacophora , . 

149 

1 ectibranchiata , 

. 117 

Mytilus , . 

88  Priono  desmacea, 

. 85 

i Teleo  desmacea. 

. 92 

Nassa , . . . 

134  Psammobiidx  . 

101 

\ Tellimya , . 

. 95 

Nassidx , . . . 

134; Pteropoda,  . . 

. 115 

Tellina,  . . 

. 102 

Natica , . 

1^ 46  Pulmonata,  . . 

130 

Tellinidx , . . 

. 101 

Naticidx , . . . 

146 

Purpura , . . 

. 137 

Terebra,  . . 

. 131 

Neverita , . . 

147 

Pyramidellidx , . 

138 

Terebridx , 

. 131 

Aeu;  EngVd  Clam 

110  Quahog,  . . 

. 99 

Teredo,  . . 

. 113 

Nucula , . 

91  i&ssoa,  . 

144 

Teredidx , . 

. 113 

Nuculidx , . 

90  '.Rissoidx,  . 

. 144 

; Thracia , . . 

. 107 

At/  dibranchiata , 

120 jifrmndE  Clam,, 

99 

Thecosomata,  . 

. 115 

Odostomia , 

139! Saxicava.  . 

. no 

Tornatina, 

. 118 

Ommatostreph  es. 

151  Sax/ cavidx , . . 

110 

; Tornatinidx,  . 

. 117 

Ommatostrephidx,!  51  \Scala,  , 

. 137 

Tornicella , 

. 150 

Onchidoris , . . 

120Scala,ridx,  . 

137 

Trachydermon , 

. 149 

Onychoteuthidx , 

1 5 1 Scaphandridx, 

. 118 

Triforidx , 

. 140 

Onychoteuthis , 

151  \Scyttxa;  . 

123 

Tr  if  or  is,  . . 

. 140 

Opisthobranchiata , 1 1 7 j Sea  . 

. 151 

Tritonidx, 

. 123 

Qstrea , . . . . 

85 

Seila,  . . . 

140 

Trochidx,  . . 

. 148 

Ostreidx , . . 

85  \Semele,  . . . 

. 104 

; Turbonilla,  . 

. 138 

Oyster,  . . . . 

%b\Semelulx, 

103 

Turtonia,  . . 

. 94 

Pandora , . 

10$\Sepiola , 

. 152 

Ungulinidx, 

. 95 

Pandoridx , 

108  Sep/oA‘fe,  . , 

152 

Urosalpinx, 

. 136 

Paphiidx , 

104  SA^  W7orm, 

. 113 

Ulriculus, 

. 118 

Pecten 

86  Sigaretus, . . . 

148 

I Venericardia,  . 

. 93 

Pectinidx  . . 

8(rSiliqua, 

. 105: 

Veneridx, 

. 98 

Pelecypoda  . . 

H5\Sipho,  .... 

134' 

Veniliidx,  . . 

. 98 

Periploma , . 

107 

Skenea,  . . . 

. 145! 

Venus, 

. 98 

Petri  cola , . 

1001 

Solenidx,  . . 

104 

Vermetidx, 

. 142 

Petricolidx , . 

100 

Solenomya , 

. 108 

Vermetus, 

. 142 

Philine , . . . 

119 

Solenomyidx, 

108 

Xylotrya,  . 

. 114 

Philinidx, 

119 

Spirula , 

. 1511 

Yoldia, 

. 91 

Pholadidx , 

111 

Spirulidx, 

150! 

Zirphxa,  . . 

. 112 

Pholas , . . 

111 

Squids , . 

. 151' 

V 

Errata : 

V>L. 

II.,  No.  1,  Jan. 

1889. 

Page  36,  line  6 from  top,  omit  “ Leaves  not  prickly.” 

Page  48,  line  17  from  top,  omit  the  comma. 

Page  55,  line  9 from  top,  insert  the  word  “ petioled  ” between  “ not  ” and 
“ cordate.’7 

Page  5(;,  line  2 from  top,  for  “ not  cordate  nor  petioled,”  read  “ not  cordate 
and  petioled.” 


* 


Figure  1.  Anomia  simplex,  oblique  view;  A,  the  very  convex  upper  valve; 

B,  the  lower  valve ; C,  the  circular  hole  for  a plug  which  is  used  to  fasten  the 
shell. 

2.  Mvtilis  edulus  ; the  whole  exterior  surface  of  the  left  valve  showing  the 
distinct  concentric  lines  of  growth ; the  interior  makings  and  teeth  of  the  an- 
terior end  of  the  right  valve  are  also  shown. 

3.  Area  pexata  ; H,  the  entire  (i.  e.,  without  sinus),  pallial  line  ; C,  the  num- 
erous, transverse,  or  cardinal  teeth  of  the  hinge. 

4.  Pecten  irradians ; surface  covered  with  radiating  ribs ; A and  B,  the 
ears  making  the  hinge  line  straight. 

5.  Venus  mercenaria,  left  valve  ; A,  anterior  end  ; B,  posterior  end  ; C3  dor- 
sal side  ; D,  ventral  side  ; E,  umbo ; distance  A B,  the  length  of  the  shell ; C 
D,  the  height  of  shell ; ratio  A G to  A B,  the  position  of  umbo,  m this  case, 
-J.  Fig.  6,  anterior  view  ; A B,  the  width  of  the  shell ; D,  external  ligament; 

C,  lunule  in  front  of  the  umbones.  Fig.  7,  interior  view  of  the  right  valve  ; 
C,  cardinal  teeth ; D,  lateral  teeth  ; E,  anterior  adductor  muscle  impression ; 
G,  posterior  adductor  muscle  impression;  H,  pallial  line;  I,  sinus  of  the 
pallial  line;  the  ventral  edge  is  crenulated. 

8.  Mactra  solidissima,  interior  view  of  right  valve ; G,  spoon-shaped  cavity 
for  an  internal  cartilage  ; D and  E,  striated  lateral  teeth ; B A C,  angle  of  the 
slopes  of  the  shell. 

9.  Mya  arenaria,  oblique  interior  view  of  the  left  valve  to  show  the  project- 
ing cartilage  process  C ; I,  the  very  deep  and  large  sinus  of  the  pallial  line  H. 
Fig.  10,  dorsal  view  to  show  the  wide  gaping  of  the  ends  while  the  ventral 
edge  is  closed.  Fig.  11,  the  expanded  animal  parts ; D,  the  united  siphons 
at  the  posterior  end ; E,  the  incurrent  orifice ; F,  the  excurrent  orifice ; G, 
the  foot  at  the  anterior  end.  B,  marks  the  position  of  the  shell  border  called 
the  podium,  and  C,  the  position,  often  angulated,  called  the  gonium.  The 
portion  A B,  in  many  shells  has  either  ridges  or  grooves ; sucli  ridges  or 
grooves  are  called  podial  ones;  ridges  or  grooves  along  the  line  A C are 
called  gonial  ones.  These  terms  are  quite  useful  in  the  descriptions  of  Unios 
and  many  other  bivalve  shells. 

12.  Donax  fossor ; external  view  of  left  valve  and  the  extended  animal  parts. 
This  shell  is  peculiar  in  having  the  ligament  on  the  shorter  end  of  the  shell ; 
the  longer  end  being  the  anterior  or  foot  end.  The  siphons  are  here  short 
and  divided.  Fig.  13,  dorsal  view,  showing  the  closed  ends  and  the  short  ex- 
ternal ligament.  Fig.  14,  internal  view  of  the  right  valve. 

15.  Petricola  pholadiformis ; oblique  view  to  show  the  united  mantle  below. 
The  siphons  are  long  and  separated  except  at  the  base ; the  incurrent  orifice 
E is  fringed. 

16.  Pholas  costata ; anterior  end,  showing  the  reflected  hinge  plates  at  A, 
and  the  widely  gaping  ends.  Fig.  17,  dorsal  view,  showing  the  two  extra 
valves  at  D,  one  in  front  of  the  other,  over  the  reflexed  hinge  plates;  A, 
anterior  end  ; B,  posterior  end. 

18.  Teredo  navalis,  showing  the  animal  parts  all  extended.  Fig.  19,  the 
pallets  of  the  posterior  or  siphon  end.  Fig.  20,  the  left  valve;  the  right  is 
shown  on  Fig.  18,  just  below. 

Figures  1 to  3,  5 to  7,  and  9 to  11,  are  about  half  scale ; figs.  4,  8,  16,  and  17 
are  about  a third  or  fourth  scale;  figs.  12  to  14,  and  18  to  20,  are  about  natural 
size. 

Figure  18  is  adapted  from  A.  E.  Verrill  in  Sea  Fisheries,  and  19  and  20  are 
taken  from  Binney  Gould’s  Invertebrates  of  Mass.  The  rest  are  origina’. 


PLATE  II. 


""  18. 


Marine  Pelecijpoda. 


Figure  21.  Limacina  retroversa,  the  spiral,  sinistral  shell. 

22.  Cavolina  tridentata;  an  expanded  animal  with  wing-like  swimming 
organs  and  the  projections  from  the  mantle  extending  out  from  the  side  slits  of 
the  shell.  Fig.  i?3,  the  shell. 

24.  Creseis  conica ; an  expanded  animal  with  the  tentacles  projecting  from 
the  wings.  Fig.  25,  the  slender  conical  shell. 

26.  Elysia  catulus,  the  animal  with  the  swimming  organs  folded  over  the  back. 

27.  iEolidia  pilata ; A,  the  oral  tentacles;  B,  the  dorsal  tentacles;  G,  the 
external  gills  in  live  series.  The  front  angles  of  the  foot  can  be  seen  between 
the  tentacles. 

23.  Doris  tuberculata ; G,  a circle  of  pinnate,  retractile  gills.  The  lamin- 
ated, dorsal  tentacles  are  also  retractile  into  cavities. 

29.  Dendronotus  arborescens ; A,  antler-like  appendages ; B,  dorsal  tentacles  ; 
G,  the  arborescent  gills. 

30.  Polycera  Lessonii ; G,  the  bipinnate,  non-retractile  gills  forming  but  a 
half  circle. 

31.  Natica  duplicata,  the  radula  or  lingual  ribbon  (also  called  tongue).  All 
the  animals  on  this  plate  have  some  form  of  radula. 

32.  Sipho  Stimpsoni ; a dextral,  spiral  shell,  illustrating  various  terms  used 
in  the  descriptions;  A,  the  anterior  end;  1>,  the  posterior  end,  the  apex  of  the 
spire  and  the  nucleus ; G,  the  whorls  of  the  spire  ; IT,  the  suture  ; 1,  the  body 
whorl ; E B F,  the  angle  of  the  spire ; K,  the  aperture ; J,  the  inner  lip  and 
the  columella;  L,  an  anterior  canal ; C,  the  outer  lip;  the  distance  A B,  the 
length  of  the  shell ; D C,  the  diameter  or  width.  The  aperture  is  half  the 
length  of  the  shell ; the  whorls  are  eight  in  number.  Fig.  33,  the  operculum. 

34.  Purpura  lapillus ; the  revolving  furrows  and  ridges  are  very  district; 
the  aperture  has  a notch  instead  of  a canal  at  the  anterior  end. 

35.  Urosalpinx  cinerea  ; the  rib-like  undulations  or  varices  are  more  distinct 
than  the  revolving  lines ; whorls  rounded;  suture  deep;  canal,  short. 

36.  Nassa  trivittata  ; the  whorls  flattened  and  shouldered  at  the  suture;  sur- 
face granulated  ; the  revolving  lines  and  the  ribs  about  equally  prominent. 

37.  Eupleura  caudata;  the  whorls  angulated  ; the  varices  or  ribs  stout ; the 
canal  long,  straight  and  narrow. 

33  Natica  heros  ; a young  shell  with  the  three  revolving  series  of  blotches  ; 
A,  open  umbilicus. 

39.  Natica  duplicata,  with  the  umbilicus  nearly  covered  with  a callus  at  B. 

40.  Crepidula  fornicata ; side  view  showing  the  apex  and  lines  of  growth. 

41.  The  same,  under  side,  with  the  shelf  in  the  boat-shaped  shell. 

42.  Acm?ea  testudinalis  ; side  view  of  the  conical  shell.  Fig.  43,  interior  view. 

44.  C hadopleura  apiculata ; shell  composed  of  eight  arched  pieces  surround- 
ed by  a leather-like  material  forming  a girdle. 

45.  Nassa  obsoleta;  A,  the  operculum;  B,  the  foot;  C,  the  tentacles  with 
eyes  at  their  outer  bases  ; D,  the  siphon.  The  shell  is  reticulated. 

46.  Melampus  lineatus,  under  side ; the  foot  with  a transverse  groove ; the 
head  showing  the  mouth  on  the  under  side.  Fig.  47,  side  view  ; the  head  has 
one  pair  of  tentacles  with  eyes  at  their  inner  bases.  Fig.  48,  the  shell ; the 
inner  lip  with  two  fold -like  teeth. 

49,  50,  51,  52  and  33  show  different  varieties  of  opercula,  49  is  paucispiral, 
50  spiral,  51  imbricated  with  a marginal  nucleus,  52  concentric,  and  33  some- 
what spiral  with  an  apical  nucleus. 

53.  TIaminea  solitaria  ; aperture  more  than  half  the  area  of  the  shell ; a pit 
in  place  of  spire ; aperture  full  length  of  the  shell. 

54.  Philine  sinuata  ; aperture  three-fourths  the  area  ; spire  rudimentary. 

55.  Triforis  perversa;  a sinistral,  turreted  shell ; aperture  very  short. 

56.  Spirula  Peronii.  Fig.  57,  the  spiral  chambered  shell  with  the  whorls 
separated.  Fig.  58,  Ommatostrephes  Bartramii ; 59,  the  gladius.  Fig.  60,  Ony- 
choteuthis  Banksii ; 61,  the  gladius.  Fig.  62,  Loligopsis  pavo  ; 63,  the  gladius. 
Fig.  64,  Sepiola  atlantica;  65,  the  gladius.  Fig.  66,  Loligo  Pealii. 

in  Figs.  56-66,  there  are  eight  true  arms,  which  are  sessile,  besides  which 
there  are  two  peculiar  ones  called  tentacles.  The  side  projections,  usually  near 
the  tail,  are  called  fins. 

Figures  24,  25,  30,  32  to  38,  44  to  48  and  55,  are  about  natural  size ; 22,  23, 
28,  29,  and  39  to  43,  about  half  size  ; 27,  one-third  size;  26,  31  and  53,  are  double 
size ; 21  and  54,  are  much  enlarged  (x  5) ; 56  to  66,  are  much  reduced. 

Figures  21  to  30,  and  53  to  55,  are  after  figures  in  Binney  Gould’s  Inv. 
of  Mass. ; 56-66,  from  Tryon’s  Am.  Marine  Conch.  The  others  are  original. 


PLATE  III. 


Figs.  21-55  Gastropoda , Figs.  56-66  Cephalopoda. 


PLATE  IV. 


Protractor  and  Millimeter  Scale. 


